UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission File No. 001-32548

 

NeuStar, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

(571) 434-5400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

On February 17, 2009, 74,224,990 shares of NeuStar Class A common stock were outstanding and 4,538 shares of NeuStar Class B common stock were outstanding. The aggregate market value of the NeuStar common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2008 was approximately $1.69 billion.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

 

Information required by Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is incorporated by reference to portions of NeuStar’s definitive proxy statement for its 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which NeuStar intends to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of December 31, 2008.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “NeuStar,” “we,” “us,” the “Company” and “our” refer to NeuStar, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

 

Overview

 

We provide essential clearinghouse services to the communications industry and enterprise customers. Our customers use the databases we contractually maintain in our clearinghouse to obtain data required to successfully route telephone calls in North America, to exchange information with other communications service providers and to manage technological changes in their own networks. We operate the authoritative directories that manage virtually all telephone area codes and numbers, and we enable the dynamic routing of calls among thousands of competing communications service providers, or CSPs, in the United States and Canada. All CSPs that offer telecommunications services to the public at large, or telecommunications service providers, such as Verizon Communications Inc., Sprint Nextel Corporation, and AT&T Corp., must access our clearinghouse to properly route virtually all of their customers’ calls. We provide clearinghouse services to emerging CSPs, including Internet service providers, mobile network operators, cable television operators, and voice over Internet protocol, or VoIP, service providers. In addition, we provide domain name services, including internal and external managed DNS solutions that play a key role in directing and managing traffic on the Internet, and we manage the authoritative directories for the .us and .biz Internet domains. We operate the authoritative directory for U.S. Common Short Codes, part of the short messaging service relied upon by the U.S. wireless industry, and provide solutions used by mobile network operators worldwide to enable mobile instant messaging for their end users.

 

We were founded to meet the technical and operational challenges of the communications industry when the U.S. government mandated local number portability in 1996. While we remain the provider of the authoritative solution that the communications industry relies upon to meet this mandate, we have developed a broad range of innovative services to meet an expanded range of customer needs. We provide critical technology services that solve the addressing, interoperability and infrastructure needs of the communications industry and enterprise customers. These services are used to manage a range of technical and operating requirements, including:

 

 

Company Information and History

 

We were incorporated in Delaware in 1998 to acquire our business from Lockheed Martin Corporation. This acquisition was completed in November 1999. Our principal executive offices are located at 46000 Center Oak Plaza, Sterling, Virginia, 20166, and our telephone number at that address is (571) 434-5400.

 

On June 28, 2005, we effected a recapitalization, which involved (i) payment of all accrued and unpaid dividends on all of the then-outstanding shares of preferred stock, followed by the conversion of all such shares into shares of common stock, (ii) the amendment of our certificate of incorporation to provide for Class A common stock and Class B common stock, and (iii) the split of each share of common stock into 1.4 shares and the reclassification of the common stock into shares of Class B common stock. We refer to these transactions collectively as the Recapitalization. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock, and we anticipate that all holders of Class B common stock will ultimately convert their shares into shares of Class A common stock.

Industry Background

 

Changes in the structure of the communications industry over the past two decades have presented increasingly complex technical and operating challenges. Whereas the Bell Operating System once dominated the U.S. telecommunications industry, there are now thousands of service providers, all with disparate networks. Today these service providers must interconnect their networks and carry each other’s traffic to route phone calls, unlike in the past when a small number of incumbent wireline carriers used established, bilateral relationships. In addition, CSPs and enterprises are delivering a broad set of new services using a diverse array of technologies. These services, which include voice, data and video, are used in combinations that are far more complex than the historical, uniform voice services of traditional carriers.

 

The increasing complexity of the communications industry has produced operational challenges, as the in-house network management and back office systems of traditional carriers were not designed to capture all of the information necessary for provisioning, authorizing, routing and billing these new services. In particular, it has become significantly more difficult for service providers to:

 

 

Enterprises in the United States and throughout the world have become increasingly reliant on the Internet and other DNS-based systems to support their businesses. With the growth in e-commerce and the emergence of advanced DNS-based communication services, large and small enterprises have increased demand for:

 

 

Our Clearinghouse

 

We provide our services from a set of unique databases, systems and platforms in geographically dispersed data centers, which we refer to collectively as our clearinghouse. Our clearinghouse has been designed to provide substantial advantages in meeting the challenges facing the communications industry and enterprises for both traditional voice and IP networks. First, our clearinghouse databases and capabilities provide competing CSPs and enterprises with fair, equal and secure access to essential shared resources such as telephone numbers and domain names. This sharing of data is critical for locating end-users and establishing their identity. Second, our clearinghouse databases and capabilities serve as an authoritative directory to ensure proper routing of voice, advanced data applications and IP-based communications, such as mobile instant messaging, regardless of originating or terminating technologies. Third, our customers may access our clearinghouse through standard interfaces. Our clearinghouse also enables connections to authoritative operating data for our customers, including CSPs, content providers and enterprises. As a result, our clearinghouse facilitates advanced services, such as multi-media content services and mobile instant messaging. Finally, our services facilitate the management of networks and services, including the deployment of new technologies and protocols, the balancing of communications traffic across our customers’ internal networks, network consolidation, and the control of instant messaging services, which promote our customers’ ability to create differentiated and value-added services.

To ensure our role as a provider of essential services to the communications industry and our enterprise customers, we designed our clearinghouse to be:

 

 

NeuStar Clearinghouse Services

 

Addressing

 

“Addresses” are a shared resource among CSPs and, in certain circumstances, enterprises. Each communications device must have a unique address so that communications can be routed properly to that device. With the development of new technologies, the number and type of addressing resources increase, and the advent of bundled services, such as voice plus text messaging, may require that multiple addresses be identified for what is intended to be a single, integrated communication to one or more devices used by a single user or a group of users.

 

For communications to reliably reach the intended users, we believe that the communications industry and enterprises require a trusted, authoritative administrator of addressing directories to route communications. Moreover, we believe that CSPs must have fair access to shared addressing resources and must be able to access the administrator’s systems to ensure the proper routing of communications. We provide a range of addressing services to meet these needs, including:

 

 

• Internet Domain Name Services.

 

 

 

Interoperability

 

To provide communications across multiple networks involving multiple service providers, industry participants must exchange essential operating data. We believe that our clearinghouse is the most efficient, logistically practical and economical means for each CSP to exchange the large volumes of operating data that are required to deliver communications services between networks. Our services include:

 

 

Infrastructure and Other

 

Constant changes in the communications service industry require providers to make frequent and extensive changes in their own network infrastructure. Our infrastructure services are used by CSPs to efficiently reconfigure their networks and systems in response to changes in the market. Our services include:

 

 

 

NeuStar Next Generation Messaging Services

 

Mobile Instant Messaging.  We provide scalable solutions to mobile network operators worldwide, which allow them to manage instant messaging, or IM, services provided by Internet service providers and to create their own branded IM services. We are typically paid a monthly fee on a per-active user basis.

 

Operations

 

Sales Force and Marketing

 

As of December 31, 2008, our sales and marketing organization consisted of approximately 290 people who work together to deliver advanced technologies and solutions to serve our customers’ needs. Our sales teams work closely with our customers to identify and address their needs, while our marketing team works closely with our sales teams to deliver comprehensive services, and develop a clear and consistent corporate image.

 

We have an experienced sales and marketing staff who offer extensive knowledge in the management of telephone numbers and domain name systems, number portability and IP clearinghouse services. We believe we have close relations with our customers, and we know their systems and operations. We have worked closely with our customers to develop solutions such as national pooling, U.S. Common Short Codes, number translation services, and the provisioning of service requests for VoIP providers. Our sales teams strive to increase the services purchased by existing customers and to expand the range of services we provide to our customers.

 

Customer Support

 

We strive to provide world-class customer service, and we provide customer support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year. Customer support personnel are responsible for the end-to-end ownership of all customer inquiries, provisioning and trouble requests. Our staff works closely with our customers to ensure that our service level agreements are being met. They continually solicit customer feedback and are in charge of bringing together the proper internal resources to troubleshoot any problems or issues that customers may have. Performance of these individuals is measured by customer satisfaction surveys and through stringent measurements of key performance indicators.

 

Operational Capabilities

 

We operate our services through our state-of-the-art data centers and remotely hosted computer hardware that is currently located in third-party facilities throughout the world. Our data centers, including third-party facilities that we use, are custom designed for the processing and transmission of high volumes of transaction-related, time-sensitive data in a highly secure environment. We are committed to employing best-of-breed tools and equipment for application development, infrastructure management, operations management, and information security. In general, we subscribe to the highest level of service and responsiveness available from each third party vendor that we use. Further, to protect the integrity of our systems, the major components of our networks are generally designed to eliminate any single point of failure.

 

We have consistently met and frequently exceeded our contractual service level requirements and, for some of our services, our performance results are monitored internally and subjected to independent audits on a regular basis.

Research and Development

 

We maintain a research and development group, the principle functions of which are to develop new services and improvements to existing services, oversee quality control processes and perform application testing. Our processes surrounding the development of new services and improvement to existing services focus on the challenges communicated to us by our customers related to the management of an expanding array of technologies and end-user services across a growing number of CSPs and enterprises. We employ industry experts in areas of technology that we believe are key to solving these problems. Our quality control and application testing processes focus predominantly on highly technical issues related to the performance of our technology platforms, which are identified through both internal and external feedback mechanisms, and continuous testing of our applications and system platforms to ensure uptime commensurate to service level standards we have committed to our customers. As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 164 employees dedicated to research and development, which consists of software engineers, project managers and documentation specialists. We expense our research and development costs as incurred. Our research and development expense was $17.6 million, $27.4 million and $27.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.

 

Customers

 

We serve traditional providers of communications, including local exchange carriers, such as Verizon Communications Inc. and AT&T, Inc.; competitive local exchange carriers, such as XO Holdings, Inc. and Level 3 Communications, Inc.; wireless service providers, such as Verizon Wireless Inc., and long distance carriers. We also serve emerging CSPs, including Comcast Corporation, Cox Communications, Inc. and Cbeyond, Inc., and emerging providers of VoIP services, such as Vonage Holdings Corp.

 

In addition to serving traditional CSPs, we also serve a growing number of customers who are either enablers of Internet services or providers of information and content to Internet and telephone users. For example, customers for our managed DNS services include a wide range of both large and small enterprises, including registry operators, such as Canadian Internet Registration Authority, and e-commerce companies. All Internet service providers rely on our Internet registry services to route all communications to .biz and .us Internet addresses. Domain name registrars, including Network Solutions, Inc., The Go Daddy Group, Inc., and Register.com, Inc. pay us for each .biz and .us domain name they register on behalf of their customers. Wireless service providers rely on our registry to route all U.S. Common Short Code communications, but the bulk of our customers for U.S. Common Short Codes are the information and entertainment content providers who register codes with us to allow wireless subscribers to communicate with them via text messaging. Mobile network operators throughout Europe and Asia, including several country operators affiliated with Vodafone Group Plc, rely on our instant messaging solutions to provide mobile instant messaging to their end users.

 

Our customers include over 8,700 different entities, each of which is separately billed for the services we provide, regardless of whether it may be affiliated with one or more of our other customers. No single entity accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in 2008. The amount of our revenue derived from customers inside the United States was $317.3 million, $387.4 million and $434.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The amount of our revenue derived from customers outside the United States was $15.7 million, $41.8 million and $54.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The amount of our revenue derived under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC was $249.3 million, $301.8 million and $331.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.

 

We have two business segments, Clearinghouse and NGM. For further discussion of the operating results of our segments, including revenue, income (loss) from operations, total assets, goodwill, and intangible assets, as well as information concerning our international operations, see Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

 

Competition

 

Our services most frequently compete against the in-house systems of our customers. We believe our services offer greater reliability and flexibility on a more cost-effective basis than these in-house systems.

In our roles as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator, National Pooling Administrator, administrator of local number portability for the communications industry, operator of the sole authoritative registry for the .us and .biz Internet domain names, and operator of the sole authoritative registry for U.S. Common Short Codes, there are no other providers currently providing the services we offer. However, we were awarded the contracts to administer these services in open and competitive procurement processes where we competed against companies including Accenture Ltd, Computer Sciences Corporation, Hewlett-Packard Company, International Business Machines Corporation, or IBM, Noblis, Inc., Nortel Networks Corporation, Pearson Education, Perot Systems Corporation, Telcordia Technologies, Inc. and VeriSign, Inc. We have renewed or extended the term of several of these contracts since we first entered into them. As the terms of these contracts expire, we expect that other companies may seek to bid on renewals or new contracts, and we may not be successful in renewing them. In addition, prior to the expiration of our contracts in 2015 to provide number portability services, North American Portability Management LLC could solicit, or our competitors may submit, proposals to replace us, in whole or in part, as the provider of the services covered by these contracts. Similarly, with respect to our contracts to act as the North American Number Plan Administrator, the National Pooling Administrator, operator of the authoritative registry for the .us and .biz Internet domain names, and the operator of the authoritative registry for U.S. Common Short Codes, the relevant counterparty could elect not to exercise the extension period under the contract, if applicable, or to terminate the contract in accordance with its terms, in which case we could be forced to compete with other providers to continue providing the services covered by the relevant contract. However, we believe that our position as the incumbent provider with high customer satisfaction of these services will enable us to compete favorably for contract renewals or for new contracts to continue to provide these services.

 

While we do not face direct competition for the registry of .us and .biz Internet domain names, we compete with other companies that maintain the registries for different domain names, including VeriSign, Inc., which manages the .com and .net registries, Afilias Limited, which manages the .org and .info registries, and a number of managers of country-specific domain name registries, such as .uk for domain names in the United Kingdom.

 

For the remainder of our services, we compete against a range of providers of interoperability and infrastructure services and/or software, as well as the in-house network management and information technology organizations of our customers. Our competitors, other than in-house network systems, generally fall into these categories:

 

 

Competitive factors in the market for our services include breadth and quality of services offered, reliability, security, cost-efficiency, and customer support. Our ability to compete successfully depends on numerous factors, both within and outside our control, including:

 

 

 

We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors and competitive pressures that we face may materially and adversely affect our business. The market for clearinghouse services may not continue to develop, and CSPs and enterprises may not continue to use clearinghouse services rather than in-house systems and purchased or internally-developed software.

 

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2008, we employed 966 persons worldwide. None of our employees is currently represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

 

Contracts

 

We provide many of our addressing, interoperability and infrastructure services pursuant to private commercial and government contracts. Specifically, in the United States, we provide wireline and wireless number portability, implement the allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers and provide network management services pursuant to seven regional contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, an industry group that represents all telecommunications service providers in the United States. Although the FCC has plenary authority over the administration of telephone number portability, it is not a party to our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC. The North American Numbering Council, a federal advisory committee to which the FCC has delegated limited oversight responsibilities, reviews and oversees North American Portability Management LLC’s management of these contracts. See “— Regulatory Environment — Telephone Numbering.” We recognized revenue under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC primarily on a per transaction basis through December 31, 2008, and the aggregate fees for transactions processed under these contracts were determined by the total number of transactions. As of January 1, 2009, we are paid on an annual, fixed-fee basis, subject to a contractually established, annual 6.5% escalator. Under this fixed-fee model, fixed credits are used to calculate the annual fixed fee in 2009, 2010 and 2011. In addition, our customers may earn additional credits annually in 2009, 2010 and 2011 if certain levels of aggregate telephone number inventories are reached and if certain IP fields and functionality are adopted and implemented. Moreover, in the event that the volume of transactions in a given year is above or below the contractually established volume range for that year, the fixed-fee may be adjusted up or down, respectively, with any such adjustment being applied in the following year. Under both the transaction-based and fixed-fee models, our fees are billed to telecommunications service providers based on their allocable share of the total transaction charges. This allocable share is based on each respective telecommunications service provider’s share of the aggregate end-user services revenues of all U.S. telecommunications service providers as determined by the FCC. Under these contracts, we also bill a revenue recovery collections, or RRC, fee of a percentage of monthly billings to our customers, which is available to us if any telecommunications service provider fails to pay its allocable share of total transaction charges. If the RRC fee is insufficient for that purpose, these contracts also provide for the recovery of such differences from the remaining telecommunications service providers. Under these contracts, users of our clearinghouse also pay fees to connect to our data center and additional fees for reports that we generate at the user’s request. Our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC continue through June 2015.

 

On November 3, 2005, BellSouth Corporation filed a petition seeking changes in the way our customers are billed for services provided by us under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC. In response to the BellSouth petition, the FCC requested comments from interested parties. As of February 17, 2009, the FCC had not initiated a formal rulemaking process, and the BellSouth petition remains pending. In addition, after the amendment of our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC in September 2006, Telcordia Technologies, Inc. filed a petition with the FCC requesting an order that would require North American Portability Management LLC to conduct a new bidding process to appoint a provider of telephone number portability services in the United States, which Telcordia has continued to pursue in response to our amendment of these contracts in January 2009. As of February 17, 2009, the FCC had not initiated a formal rulemaking process,

and the Telcordia petition remains pending. If the Telcordia petition is successful, we may lose one or more of our contracts with North American Portability LLC or lose a portion of our business in one or more geographic regions where we provide services.

 

We also provide wireline and wireless number portability and network management services in Canada pursuant to a contract with the Canadian LNP Consortium Inc., a private corporation composed of telecommunications service providers who participate in number portability in Canada. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission oversees the Canadian LNP Consortium’s management of this contract. We bill each telecommunications service provider for our services under this contract primarily on a per transaction basis. This contract continues through December 2011. The services we provide under the contracts with North American Portability Management LLC and the Canadian LNP Consortium are subject to rigorous performance standards, and we are subject to corresponding penalties for failure to meet those standards.

 

We serve as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and the National Pooling Administrator pursuant to two separate contracts with the FCC. Under these contracts, we administer the assignment and implementation of new area codes in North America, the allocation of central office codes (which are the prefixes following the area codes) to telecommunications service providers in the United States, and the assignment and allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers in the United States in a manner designed to conserve telephone number resources. The North American Numbering Plan Administration contract is a fixed-fee government contract that was awarded by the FCC in 2003. The contract is structured as a one-year agreement with four one-year options exercisable by the FCC. The FCC has exercised each of these four options, and this contract expired on July 8, 2008. The FCC extended the contract through July 2009 to begin the bidding process and we expect to compete for a renewal of this contract. The National Pooling Administration contract was originally awarded to us by the FCC in 2001. In August 2007, the FCC awarded us a new contract to continue as the National Pooling Administrator. Under this contract, we perform the administrative functions associated with the allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers in the United States. The terms of this contract provide for a fixed fee associated with the administration of the pooling system plus reimbursement of select costs. The initial contract term is two years, commencing in August 2007, and provides three one-year extension options that are exercisable at the election of the FCC.

 

We are the operator of the .biz Internet top-level domain by contract with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, or ICANN. The .biz contract was originally granted in May 2001. In December 2006, the ICANN awarded to us a renewal of the .biz contract through December 2012. Under the terms of the amended agreement, the .biz contract automatically renews after 2012 unless it has been determined that we have been in fundamental and material breach of certain provisions of the agreement and have failed to cure such breach. Similarly, pursuant to a contract with the U.S. Department of Commerce, we operate the .us Internet domain registry. This contract was originally awarded in October 2001. In October 2007, the government awarded to us a renewal of the .us contract for a period of three years, which may be extended by the government for two additional one-year periods. In response to a bid protest filed by one of our competitors, the Department of Commerce evaluated the procedures it followed in awarding to us the .us contract. Pending resolution of this evaluation, performance under our new .us contract was stayed, and the terms of our previous .us contract remained in effect. The evaluation was completed in August 2008 and the terms of the new .us contract were amended. The amended contract expires in October 2011, with two one-year renewal options exercisable by the Department of Commerce. The .biz and .us contracts allow us to provide domain name registration services to domain name registrars, who pay us on a per-name basis.

 

We have an exclusive contract with the CTIA — The Wireless Association^® to serve as the registry operator for the administration of U.S. Common Short Codes. U.S. Common Short Codes are short strings of numbers to which text messages can be addressed — a common addressing scheme that works across all participating wireless networks. We were awarded this contract in October 2003 through an open procurement process by the major wireless carriers. In June 2008, the contract was amended to include a term through December 2015. We provide U.S. Common Short Code registration services to wireless content providers, who pay us subscription fees per U.S. Common Short Code registered.

Regulatory Environment

 

Telephone Numbering

 

Overview.  The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was enacted to remove barriers to entry in the communications market. Among other things, the Telecommunications Act mandates portability of telephone numbers and requires traditional telephone companies to provide non-discriminatory access and interconnection to potential competitors. The FCC has plenary jurisdiction over issues relating to telephone numbers, including telephone number portability and the administration of telephone number resources. Under this authority, the FCC promulgated regulations governing the administration of telephone numbers and telephone number portability. In 1995, the FCC established the North American Numbering Council, a federal advisory committee, to advise and make recommendations to the FCC on telephone numbering issues, including telephone number resources administration and telephone number portability. The members of the North American Numbering Council include representatives from local exchange carriers, interexchange carriers, wireless providers, VoIP providers, manufacturers, state regulators, consumer groups, and telecommunications associations.

 

Telephone Number Portability.  The Telecommunications Act requires telephone number portability, which is the ability of users of telecommunications services to retain existing telephone numbers without impairment of quality, reliability, or convenience when switching from one telecommunications service provider to another. Through a series of competitive procurements, we were selected by a consortium of service providers representing the telecommunications industry to develop, build and operate a solution to enable telephone number portability in the United States. We ultimately entered into seven regional contracts to administer the system that we developed, after which the North American Numbering Council recommended to the FCC, and the FCC approved, our selection to serve as a neutral administrator of telephone number portability. The FCC also directed the seven original regional entities, each comprising a consortium of service providers operating in the respective regions, to manage and oversee the administration of telephone number portability in their respective regions, subject to North American Numbering Council oversight. Under the rules and policies adopted by the FCC, North American Portability Management LLC, as successor in interest to the seven regional consortiums, has the power and authority to negotiate master agreements with an administrator of telephone number portability, so long as that administrator is neutral.

 

North American Numbering Plan Administrator and National Pooling Administrator.  We have contracts with the FCC to act as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and the National Pooling Administrator, and we must comply with the rules and regulations of the FCC that govern our operations in each capacity. We are charged with administering numbering resources in an efficient and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with FCC rules and industry guidelines developed primarily by the Industry Numbering Committee. These guidelines provide governing principles and procedures to be followed in the performance of our duties under these contracts. The communications industry regularly reviews and revises these guidelines to adapt to changed circumstances or as a result of the experience of industry participants in applying the guidelines. A committee of the North American Numbering Council evaluates our performance against these rules and guidelines each year and provides an annual review to the North American Numbering Council and the FCC. If we violate these rules and guidelines, or if we fail to perform at required levels, the FCC may reevaluate our fitness to serve as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and the National Pooling Administrator and may terminate our contracts or impose fines on us. The division of the North American Numbering Council responsible for reviewing our performance as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and the National Pooling Administrator has determined that, with respect to our performance in 2007, we “more than met” our performance guidelines under each such respective review. Similar reviews of our performance in 2008 have not yet been completed.

 

Neutrality.  Under FCC rules and orders establishing the qualifications and obligations of the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and National Pooling Administrator, and under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC to provide telephone number portability services, we are required to comply with neutrality regulations and policies. Under these neutrality requirements, we are required to operate our numbering plan, pooling administration and number portability functions in a neutral and impartial manner, which means that we cannot favor any particular telecommunications service provider, telecommunications industry segment or technology or group of telecommunications consumers over any other

telecommunications service provider, industry segment, technology or group of consumers in the conduct of those businesses. We are examined periodically on our compliance with these requirements by independent third parties. The combined effect of our contracts and the FCC’s regulations and orders requires that we:

 

 

 

 

We are required to maintain confidentiality of competitive customer information obtained during the conduct of our business. In addition, as part of our neutrality framework, we are required to comply with a code of conduct that is designed to ensure our continued neutrality. Among other things, our code of conduct, which was approved by the FCC, requires that:

 

 

In connection with the neutrality requirements imposed by our code of conduct and under our contracts, we are subject to a number of neutrality audits that are performed on a quarterly and semi-annual basis. In connection with these audits, all of our employees, directors and officers must sign a neutrality certification that states that they are

familiar with our neutrality requirements and have not violated them. Failure to comply with applicable neutrality requirements could result in government fines, corrective measures, curtailment of contracts or even the revocation of contracts. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Failure to comply with neutrality requirements could result in loss of significant contracts” in Item 1A of this report.

 

In contemplation of the initial public offering of our securities, we sought and obtained FCC approval for a “safe harbor” from previous orders of the FCC that required us to seek prior approval from the FCC for any change in our overall ownership structure, corporate structure, bylaws, or distribution of equity interests, as well as certain types of transactions, including the issuance of indebtedness by us. Under the safe harbor order, we are required to maintain provisions in our organizational and other corporate documents that require us to comply with all applicable neutrality rules and orders. However, we are no longer required to seek prior approval from the FCC for many of these changes and transactions, although we are required to provide notice of such changes or transactions. In addition, we are subject to the following requirements:

 

 

Internet Domain Name Registrations

 

We are also subject to government and industry regulation under our Internet registry contracts with the U.S. government and ICANN, the industry organization responsible for regulation of Internet top-level domains. We are the operator of the .biz Internet domain under a contract with ICANN originally granted to us in May 2001, which currently runs through December 2012 and renews automatically thereafter unless it has been determined that we have been in fundamental and material breach of certain provisions of the agreement and have failed to cure such breach. Similarly, pursuant to a contract with the U.S. Department of Commerce, we operate the .us Internet domain registry. This contract was originally granted in October 2001 and was renewed in October 2007 for a period of three years, with two one-year extension periods exercisable at the option of the U.S. Department of Commerce. In response to a bid protest filed by one of our competitors, the Department of Commerce evaluated the procedures it followed in awarding to us the .us contract. Pending resolution of this evaluation, performance under our new .us contract was stayed, and the terms of our previous .us contract remained in effect. The evaluation was completed in August 2008 and the contract terms were amended. The amended contract expires in October 2011, with two one-year renewal options exercisable by the Department of Commerce. Under each of these registry service contracts, we are required to:

 

 

Intellectual Property

 

Our success depends in part upon our proprietary technology. We rely principally upon trade secret and copyright law to protect our technology, including our software, network design, and subject matter expertise. We enter into confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, distributors, customers, and potential customers and limit access to and distribution of our software, documentation, and other proprietary information. We believe, however, that because of the rapid pace of technological change, these legal protections for our services are less significant factors in our success than the knowledge, ability, and experience of our employees and the timeliness and quality of services provided by us. With our entry into the IM market, we have also sought to protect our technology and our ability to deliver our IM solutions to our customers through patent prosecution. In addition, we have recently expanded our patent efforts in other service offerings.

 

Available Information and Exchange Certifications

 

We maintain an Internet website at www.neustar.biz. Information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not part of this report. Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available on the Investor Relations section of our website under the heading “SEC Filings by NeuStar,” as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish those reports to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our Principles of Corporate Governance, Board of Directors committee charters (including the charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee) and code of ethics entitled “Corporate Code of Business Conduct” also are available on the Investor Relations section of our website. Stockholders may request free copies of these documents, including a copy of our annual report on Form 10-K, by sending a written request to our Corporate Secretary at NeuStar, Inc., 46000 Center Oak Plaza, Sterling, VA 20166. In the event that we make any changes to, or provide any waivers from, the provisions of our Corporate Code of Business Conduct, we intend to disclose these events on our website or in a report on Form 8-K within four business days of such event.

 

Because our common stock is listed on the NYSE, our Chief Executive Officer is required to make an annual certification to the NYSE stating that he is not aware of any violation by us of the corporate governance listing standards of the NYSE. Our Chief Executive Officer made his annual certification to that effect to the NYSE on July 11, 2008. In addition, we have filed, as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the certification of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding the quality of our public disclosure.

 

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

 

This report contains forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Many of these risks are beyond our ability to control or predict. These risks and other factors include those listed under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report and elsewhere in this report and include:

 

 

 

 

Risks Related to Our Business

 

The loss of, or damage to, a data center or any other failure or interruption to our network infrastructure could materially harm our revenue and impair our ability to conduct our operations.

 

Because virtually all of the services we provide require communications service providers to query a copy of our continuously updated databases and directories to obtain necessary routing and other essential operational data, the integrity of our data centers, including network elements managed by third parties throughout the world, and the systems through which we deliver our services is essential to our business. Notably, our data centers and related systems are essential to the orderly operation of the U.S. telecommunications system because they enable CSPs to ensure that telephone calls are routed to the appropriate destinations.

 

Our system architecture is integral to our ability to process a high volume of transactions in a timely and effective manner. Moreover, both we and our customers rely on hardware, software and other equipment developed, supported and maintained by third-party providers. We could experience failures or interruptions of our systems and services, or other problems in connection with our operations, as a result of:

 

 

We may not have sufficient redundant systems or back-up facilities to allow us to receive and process data in the event of one of the foregoing events. Further, we have increased the scope of services that we provide, which has increased the complexity of our network infrastructure. As the scope of services we provide expands or changes in the future, we may be required to make significant expenditures to establish new data centers from which we may provide services. Moreover, as we add customers, expand our service offerings and increase our visibility in the

market, the likelihood that we will become a target of physical or electronic break-ins, sabotage, DDoS attacks, intentional acts of vandalism and similar events increases. If we cannot adequately protect the ability of our data centers and related systems to perform consistently at a high level and without interruptions, or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations:

 

 

Any of these consequences would adversely affect our revenue, performance and business prospects.

 

Security breaches could result in significant liabilities, interruptions of service or reduced quality of service, which could increase our costs or result in a reduction in the use of our services by our customers.

 

Our systems may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers or similar disruptive problems. If unauthorized users gain access to our databases, they may be able to steal, publish, delete or modify sensitive information that is stored or transmitted on our networks and that we are required by our contracts and FCC rules to keep confidential. Such a security or privacy breach could subject us to significant penalties as well as claims for damages under our contracts. Further, a security or privacy breach could result in an interruption of service or reduced quality of service, and we may be required to make significant expenditures in connection with corrective efforts we are required to perform. In addition, a security or privacy breach may harm our reputation and cause our customers to reduce their use of our services, which could harm our revenue and business prospects.

 

Our seven contracts with North American Portability Management LLC represent in the aggregate a substantial portion of our revenue, are not exclusive and could be terminated or modified in ways unfavorable to us, and we may be unable to renew these contracts at the end of their term.

 

Our seven contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, an industry group that represents all telecommunications service providers in the United States, to provide telephone number portability and other clearinghouse services are not exclusive and could be terminated or modified in ways unfavorable to us. These seven separate contracts, each of which represented between 6% and 14% of our total revenue in 2008, represented in the aggregate approximately 68% of our total revenue in 2008. North American Portability Management LLC could, at any time, solicit or receive proposals from other providers to provide services that are the same as or similar to ours. In addition, these contracts have finite terms and are currently scheduled to expire in June 2015. Furthermore, any of these contracts could be terminated in advance of its scheduled expiration date in limited circumstances, most notably if we are in default of these agreements. Although these contracts do not contain cross-default provisions, conditions leading to a default by us under one of our contracts could lead to a default under others, or all seven.

 

We may be unable to renew these contracts on acceptable terms when they are considered for renewal if we fail to meet our customers’ expectations, including for performance or other reasons, or if another provider offers to provide the same or similar services at a lower cost. In addition, competitive forces resulting from the possible entrance of a competitive provider could create significant pricing pressure, which could then cause us to reduce the selling price of our services under our contracts. If these contracts are terminated or modified in a manner that is adverse to us, or if we are unable to renew these contracts on acceptable terms upon their expiration, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of our other contracts may be terminated or we may be unable to renew these contracts, which may reduce the number of services we can offer and damage our reputation.

 

In addition to our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, we rely on other contracts to provide other services that we offer, including the contracts that appoint us to serve as the:

 

 

Each of these contracts provides for early termination in limited circumstances, most notably if we are in default. In addition, our contracts to serve as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator and as the National Pooling Administrator and to operate the .us registry, each of which is with the U.S. government, may be terminated by the government at will. If we fail to meet the expectations of the FCC, the U.S. Department of Commerce or our customers, as the case may be, for any reason, including for performance-related or other reasons, or if another provider offers to perform the same or similar services for a lower price, we may be unable to extend or renew these contracts. Further, with respect to the renewal or extension of any of our government contracts, we may be subject to bid protests from a competitor, which may require the dedication of substantial company resources, and may result in the loss of the contract. If we were unable to renew or extend any of these contracts, the number of services we are able to offer may be reduced, which would adversely affect our revenue from the provision of these services. Further, each of the contracts listed above establishes us as the sole provider of the particular services covered by that contract during its term. If one of these contracts were terminated, or if we were unable to renew or extend the term of any particular contract, we would no longer be able to provide the services covered by that contract and could suffer a loss of prestige that would make it more difficult for us to compete for contracts to provide similar services in the future.

 

Failure to comply with neutrality requirements could result in loss of significant contracts.

 

Pursuant to orders and regulations of the U.S. government and provisions contained in our material contracts, we must continue to comply with certain neutrality requirements, meaning generally that we cannot favor any particular telecommunications service provider, telecommunications industry segment or technology or group of telecommunications consumers over any other telecommunications service provider, industry segment, technology or group of consumers in the conduct of our business. The FCC oversees our compliance with the neutrality requirements applicable to us in connection with some of the services we provide. We provide to the FCC and the North American Numbering Council, a federal advisory committee established by the FCC to advise and make recommendations on telephone numbering issues, regular certifications relating to our compliance with these requirements. Our ability to comply with the neutrality requirements to which we are subject may be affected by the activities of our stockholders or other parties. For example, if the ownership of our capital stock subjects us to undue influence by parties with a vested interest in the outcome of numbering administration, the FCC could determine that we are not in compliance with our neutrality obligations. Our failure to continue to comply with the neutrality requirements to which we are subject under applicable orders and regulations of the U.S. government and commercial contracts may result in fines, corrective measures or termination of our contracts, any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Regulatory and statutory changes that affect us or the communications industry in general may increase our costs or otherwise adversely affect our business.

 

The FCC has regulatory authority over certain aspects of our operations, most notably our compliance with our neutrality requirements. We are also affected by business risks specific to the regulated communications industry. Moreover, the business of our customers is subject to regulation that indirectly affects our business. As communications technologies and the communications industry continue to evolve, the statutes governing the communications industry or the regulatory policies of the FCC may change. If this were to occur, the demand for our services could change in ways that we cannot predict and our revenue could decline. These risks include the ability of the federal government, most notably the FCC, to:

 

 

 

 

In addition, we are subject to risks arising out of the delegation of the Department of Commerce’s responsibilities for the domain name system to the International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, or ICANN. Changes in the regulations or statutes to which our customers are subject could cause our customers to alter or decrease the services they purchase from us. We cannot predict when, or upon what terms and conditions, further regulation or deregulation might occur or the effect future regulation or deregulation may have on our business.

 

If we do not adapt to rapid technological change, we could lose customers or market share.

 

Our industry is characterized by rapid technological change and frequent new service offerings. Significant technological changes could make our technology and services obsolete. We must adapt to our rapidly changing market by continually improving the features, functionality, reliability and responsiveness of our addressing, interoperability and infrastructure services, and by developing new features, services and applications to meet changing customer needs. Our ability to take advantage of opportunities in the market may require us to invest in

development and incur other expenses well in advance of our ability to generate revenue from these services. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to adapt to these challenges or respond successfully or in a cost-effective way, particularly in the early stages of launching a new service. Further, we may experience delays in the development of one or more features of our solutions, which could materially reduce the potential benefits to us for providing these services. In addition, there can be no assurance that our solutions will be adopted by potential customers, or that we will be able to reach acceptable contract terms with customers to provide these services. Our failure to adapt to meet market demand in a cost-effective manner could adversely affect our ability to compete and retain customers or market share.

 

Our customers face implementation and support challenges in introducing IP-based services, which may slow their rate of adoption or implementation of our solutions.

 

Historically, communications service providers have been relatively slow to implement new, complex services such as instant messaging and other IP-based communications. For example, during 2008, we witnessed slower than anticipated deployment of our mobile instant messaging solutions by our carrier customers. We have limited or no control over, and cannot accurately predict, the pace at which communications service providers implement these new IP-based services. Moreover, the launch of new IP-based services by communications service providers requires significant expenditures by our customers to market and drive adoption by end users. We cannot control the decision over whether such expenditures will occur or the timing of such expenditures. In turn, even if CSPs attempt to drive adoption of new IP-based services, our future revenue and profits will also depend, in part, on the wide adoption of such services by end users. For instance, we may be required to expend substantial resources to support the efforts of our customers to market and drive the adoption of our mobile instant messaging services by end users. The failure of, or delay by, communications service providers to introduce and support IP-based services utilizing our solutions in a timely and effective manner, or the failure by end users to adopt such services, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

 

The market for certain of our addressing, interoperability, and infrastructure services is competitive, which could result in fewer customer orders, reduced revenue or margins or loss of market share.

 

Our services frequently compete against the in-house systems of our customers. In addition, although we are not a telecommunications service provider, we compete in some areas against communications service companies, communications software companies and system integrators that provide systems and services used by CSPs to manage their networks and internal operations in connection with telephone number portability, instant messaging and other communications transactions. We face competition from large, well-funded providers of addressing, interoperability and infrastructure services. Moreover, we are aware of other companies that are focusing significant resources on developing and marketing services that will compete with us. We anticipate continued growth of competition. Some of our current and potential competitors have significantly more employees and greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements than we can. Also, many of our current and potential competitors have greater name recognition that they can use to their advantage. Increased competition could result in fewer customer orders, reduced revenue, reduced margins or loss of market share, any of which would harm our business.

 

Our strategic initiatives relating to mobile instant messaging may be frustrated by the actions of other industry participants with strategic objectives that are different than ours, as well as those of our competitors.

 

Our mobile instant messaging solutions are integrated with the systems of our CSP customers and with mobile devices, and rely in part on our ability to interoperate with large Internet portals such as Yahoo! and Microsoft. Because our strategic objectives may not be aligned with those of our customers or the Internet portals, and because our customers and the Internet portals may not agree on the manner in which mobile instant messaging should operate, our ability to execute on our strategy may be frustrated. As a result, revenue from our instant messaging solutions may not grow as expected and may decline. In addition, some of our mobile instant messaging solutions rely on the use of open standards. If we are unable to integrate our instant messaging solutions with systems used by

our customers or device manufacturers because they do not adopt open standards or otherwise, revenue from our instant messaging solutions may not grow as expected and may decline. Moreover, the proliferation of open standards and protocols could make it easier for new market entrants and existing competitors to introduce products that compete with our solutions, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

 

If we were unable to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, the value of our services and solutions could be diminished.

 

Our success is dependent in part on obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our proprietary rights and our ability to avoid infringing on the proprietary rights of others. While we take precautionary steps to protect our technological advantages and intellectual property and rely in part on patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright laws, we cannot assure that the precautionary steps we have taken will completely protect our intellectual property rights. Because patent applications in the United States are maintained in secrecy until either the patent application is published or a patent is issued, we may not be aware of third-party patents, patent applications and other intellectual property relevant to our services and solutions that may block our use of our intellectual property or may be used by third-parties who compete with our services and solutions.

 

As we expand our business and introduce new services and solutions, there may be an increased risk of infringement and other intellectual property claims by third parties. From time to time, we and our customers may receive claims alleging infringement of intellectual property rights, or may become aware of certain third party patents that may relate to our services and solutions. For example, our instant messaging solutions are designed to conform to Open Mobile Alliance, or OMA, specifications and those of other standards bodies. To the extent that any individual or organization that has contributed intellectual property to OMA or other standards bodies claims that it has retained its rights relating to such intellectual property, we may be subject to claims of infringement by such individuals or organizations, some of which have greater financial resources and larger intellectual property portfolios than our own.

 

Additionally, some of our customer agreements require that we indemnify our customers for infringement claims resulting from their use of our intellectual property embedded in their products. Any litigation regarding patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time consuming and could divert our management and key personnel from our business operations. The complexity of the technology involved, and the number of parties holding intellectual property within the communications industry, increase the risks associated with intellectual property litigation. Moreover, the commercial success of our services and solutions may increase the risk that an infringement claim may be made against us. Royalty or licensing arrangements, if required, may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any infringement claim successfully asserted against us or against a customer for which we have an obligation to defend could result in costly litigation, the payment of substantial damages, and an injunction that prohibits us from continuing to offer the service or solution in question, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

 

Our intellectual property could be misappropriated, which could force us to become involved in expensive and time-consuming litigation.

 

Our ability to compete and continue to provide technological innovation is substantially dependent upon internally developed technology. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, and trade secret laws to protect our intellectual property or proprietary rights in such technology. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, technology or trademarks. Effectively policing our intellectual property is time consuming and costly, and the steps taken by us may not prevent infringement of our intellectual property or proprietary rights in our products, technology and trademarks, particularly in foreign countries where in many instances the local laws or legal systems do not offer the same level of protection as in the United States.

Our failure to achieve or sustain market acceptance at desired pricing levels could impact our ability to maintain profitability or positive cash flow.

 

Our competitors and customers may cause us to reduce the prices we charge for our services and solutions. The primary sources of pricing pressure include:

 

 

We may not be able to offset the effects of any price reductions by increasing the number of transactions we handle or the number of customers we serve, by generating higher revenue from enhanced services or by reducing our costs.

 

A significant decline in the volume of transactions we handle could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

Under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, we earn revenue for telephone number portability services on an annual, fixed-fee basis. However, in the event that the volume of transactions in a given year is above or below the contractually established volume range for that year, the fixed-fee may be adjusted up or down, respectively, with any such adjustment being applied to the following year’s invoices. In addition, under our contract with the Canadian LNP Consortium Inc., we earn revenue on a per transaction basis. As a result, if industry participants in the United States reduce their usage of our services in a particular year to levels below the established volume range for that year or if industry participants in Canada reduce their usage of our services from their current levels, our revenue and results of operations may suffer. For example, consolidation in the industry could result in a decline in transactions if the remaining CSPs decide to handle changes to their networks internally rather than use the services that we provide. Moreover, if customer churn among CSPs in the industry stabilizes or declines, or if CSPs do not compete vigorously to lure customers away from their competitors, use of our telephone number portability and other services may decline. If CSPs develop internal systems to address their infrastructure needs, or if the cost of such transactions makes it impractical for a given carrier to use our services for these purposes, we may experience a reduction in transaction volumes. Finally, the trends that we believe will drive the future demand for our clearinghouse services, such as the emergence of IP services, growth of wireless services, consolidation in the industry, and pressure on carriers to reduce costs, may not actually result in increased demand for our existing services or for the ancillary directory services that we expect to offer, which would harm our future revenue and growth prospects.

 

If we are unable to manage our costs, our profits could be adversely affected.

 

Historically, sustaining our growth has placed significant demands on our management as well as on our administrative, operational and financial resources. For us to continue to manage our expanded operations, as well as any future growth, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management information systems and expand, motivate and manage our workforce. If we are unable to successfully manage our costs without compromising our quality of service, or if new systems that we implement to assist in managing our operations do not produce the expected benefits, we may experience higher turnover in our customer base and our revenue and profits could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to complete suitable acquisitions, or we may undertake acquisitions that could increase our costs or liabilities or be disruptive to our business.

 

We have made a number of acquisitions in the past, and one of our strategies is to pursue acquisitions selectively in the future. We may not be able to locate suitable acquisition candidates at prices that we consider appropriate or on terms that are satisfactory to us. If we do identify an appropriate acquisition candidate, we may not be able to successfully negotiate the terms or, if the acquisition occurs, integrate the acquired business into our existing business. Acquisitions of businesses or other material operations may require additional debt or equity financing, resulting in additional leverage or dilution to our stockholders. Integration of acquired business operations could disrupt our business by diverting management away from day-to-day operations. The difficulties of integration may be increased by the necessity of coordinating geographically dispersed organizations, integrating personnel with disparate business backgrounds and combining different corporate cultures. We also may not realize cost efficiencies or synergies or other benefits that we anticipated when selecting our acquisition candidates, and we may be required to invest significant capital and resources after acquisition to maintain or grow the businesses that we acquire. In addition, we may need to record write-downs from impairments of goodwill or intangible assets that occur after the closing of the transaction, which could reduce our future reported earnings. If we fail to successfully integrate and support the operations of the businesses we acquire, or if anticipated revenue enhancements and cost savings are not realized from these acquired businesses, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely affected. Further, at times, acquisition candidates may have liabilities, neutrality-related risks or adverse operating issues that we fail to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition. The failure to discover such issues prior to such acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

 

An impairment in the carrying value of goodwill or long-lived assets could negatively impact our consolidated results of operations and net worth.

 

Goodwill is initially recorded at fair value and is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. In general, long-lived assets are only reviewed for impairment if impairment indicators are present. In assessing goodwill and long-lived assets for impairment, we make significant estimates and assumptions, including estimates and assumptions about market penetration, anticipated growth rates, and risk-adjusted discount rates based on our budgets, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and industry data. Some of the estimates and assumptions used by management have a high degree of subjectivity and require significant judgment on the part of management. This is particularly the case for our NGM business due to its early stage of operations and the emerging nature of mobile instant messaging technology. Changes in estimates and assumptions in the context of our impairment testing may have a material impact, and any potential impairment charges could substantially affect our financial results in the periods of such charges.

 

Our expansion into international markets may be subject to uncertainties that could increase our costs to comply with regulatory requirements in foreign jurisdictions, disrupt our operations, and require increased focus from our management.

 

Our instant messaging solutions predominantly target international markets. In addition, we are pursuing, and we intend to pursue in the future, other international business opportunities. International operations and business expansion plans are subject to numerous additional risks, including:

 

 

 

If we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international operations. However, any of these factors could adversely affect our international operations and, consequently, our operating results.

 

Our senior management is important to our customer relationships, and the loss of one or more of our senior managers could have a negative impact on our business.

 

We believe that our success depends in part on the continued contributions of our senior management. We rely on our executive officers and senior management to generate business and execute programs successfully. In addition, the relationships and reputation that members of our management team have established and maintain with our customers and our regulators contribute to our ability to maintain good customer relations. If we do not retain our senior management, or if we fail to plan adequately for the succession of such individuals, our customer relationships, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

 

We must recruit and retain skilled employees to succeed in our business, and our failure to recruit and retain qualified employees could harm our ability to maintain and grow our business.

 

We believe that an integral part of our success is our ability to recruit and retain employees who have advanced skills in the services and solutions that we provide and who work well with our customers in the regulated environment in which we operate. In particular, we must hire and retain employees with the technical expertise and industry knowledge necessary to maintain and continue to develop our operations and must effectively manage our growing sales and marketing organization to ensure the growth of our operations. Our future success depends on the ability of our sales and marketing organization to establish direct sales channels and to develop multiple distribution channels with Internet service providers and other third parties. The employees with the skills we require are in great demand and are likely to remain a limited resource in the foreseeable future. If we are unable to recruit and retain a sufficient number of these employees at all levels, our ability to maintain and grow our business could be negatively impacted.

 

Risks Related to the Financial Market Conditions

 

The recent financial crisis could negatively affect market utilization of our existing and new services and may harm our financial results.

 

Our success depends on our ability to generate revenues from our existing services and our introduction of new services, extensions of existing services and geographic expansion. For some of the services we provide, the market has only recently developed, and the viability and profitability of these services is unproven. Our ability to grow our business will be compromised if we do not develop and market services that achieve broad market acceptance with our current and potential customers. If our service offerings do not gain widespread market acceptance, our financial results could suffer. The global economic disruption experienced during the second half of 2008, and any continuing unfavorable changes in economic conditions, may result in lower overall spending by our current and potential customers, and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue from our existing services, introduce new services or extensions of existing services and expand geographically. If the economic downturn is prolonged, we may have difficulty in maintaining and establishing a market for our existing and new services and our financial performance may suffer.

 

Funds invested in auction rate securities that we hold may not be accessible in the short term, and we may be required to adjust the carrying value of these securities through an asset impairment charge.

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had investments in auction rate securities, or ARS, with an aggregate par value totaling approximately $41.7 million, all of which are classified as noncurrent. Our ARS are floating rate securities with long-term maturities, certain of which have underlying assets that are guaranteed by third parties, and all of

which were marketed by financial institutions with auction reset dates primarily at 28 or 35 day intervals to provide short-term liquidity. Beginning in February 2008, auctions for these securities began to fail, which has decreased the short-term liquidity of these securities and caused the interest rates earned on these securities to increase. The remaining contractual maturities of these securities range from 16 to 38 years. We will not be able to access these remaining funds until a future auction for these ARS is successful, we sell the securities in a secondary market, or they are redeemed by the issuer. We can make no assurance that we would be able to sell our ARS in a secondary market at a favorable price or otherwise. We have the right to require the issuer of our ARS to repurchase the ARS at par value beginning on June 30, 2010. If the credit rating of either the issuer of the ARS or the third-party insurers of the underlying investments deteriorates, we may be required to further adjust the carrying value of the ARS through a loss in current period earnings.

 

We may need additional capital in the future and it may not be available on acceptable terms.

 

We have historically relied on outside financing and cash flow from operations to fund our operations, capital expenditures and expansion. We may require additional capital in the future to fund our operations, finance investments in equipment or infrastructure, or respond to competitive pressures or strategic opportunities. However, our neutrality requirements may limit or prohibit our ability to obtain debt or equity financing by restricting the ability of certain parties from acquiring our stock or our debt, or the amount that such parties may acquire. In addition, difficulties in the global credit markets have resulted in a substantial decrease in the availability of credit. Some commercial banks are refusing to provide financing, others are imposing more onerous terms on borrowers, including higher interest rates. As a result, additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. Further, the terms of available financing may place limits on our financial and operating flexibility. If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital in the future, we may:

 

 

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

 

Our common stock price may be volatile.

 

The market price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate widely. Fluctuations in the market price of our Class A common stock could be caused by many things, including:

 

 

Each of these factors, among others, could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Class A common stock. Recently, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price fluctuations. This volatility has had a substantial effect on the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to the operating performance of the specific companies. Some companies that have had volatile market prices for their securities have had securities class action suits filed against them. If a suit were to be filed against us, regardless of the outcome, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Delaware law and provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, and the market price of our Class A common stock may be lower as a result.

 

We are a Delaware corporation, and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

 

 

In order to comply with our neutrality requirements, our certificate of incorporation contains ownership and transfer restrictions relating to telecommunications service providers and their affiliates, which may inhibit potential acquisition bids that our stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our Class A common stock may be lower as a result.

 

In order to comply with neutrality requirements imposed by the FCC in its orders and rules, no entity that qualifies as a “telecommunications service provider” or affiliate of a telecommunications service provider, as such terms are defined under the Communications Act of 1934 and FCC rules and orders, may beneficially own 5% or more of our capital stock. As a result, subject to limited exceptions, our certificate of incorporation prohibits any telecommunications service provider or affiliate of a telecommunications service provider from beneficially owning, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding capital stock. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation provides that:

 

 

 

Our board of directors has the authority to make determinations as to whether any particular holder of our capital stock is a telecommunications service provider or an affiliate of a telecommunications service provider. Any person who acquires, or attempts or intends to acquire, beneficial ownership of our stock that will or may violate this restriction must notify us as provided in our certificate of incorporation. In addition, any person who becomes the beneficial owner of 5% or more of our stock must notify us and certify that such person is not a telecommunications service provider or an affiliate of a telecommunications service provider. If a 5% stockholder fails to supply the required certification, we are authorized to treat that stockholder as a prohibited owner — meaning, among other things, that we may elect to purchase the excess shares or require that the excess shares be sold to a third party whose ownership will not violate the restriction. We may request additional information from our stockholders to ensure compliance with this restriction. Our board will treat any “group,” as that term is defined in Section 13(d)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as a single person for purposes of applying the ownership and transfer restrictions in our certificate of incorporation.

 

Nothing in our certificate of incorporation restricts our ability to purchase shares of our capital stock. If a purchase by us of shares of our capital stock results in a stockholder’s percentage interest in our outstanding capital stock increasing to over the 5% threshold, such stockholder must deliver the required certification regarding such stockholder’s status as a telecommunications service provider or affiliate of a telecommunications service provider. In addition, to the extent that a repurchase by us of shares of our capital stock causes any stockholder to violate the restrictions on ownership and transfer contained in our certificate of incorporation, that stockholder will be subject to all of the provisions applicable to prohibited owners, including required divestiture and loss of voting rights.

 

These restrictions and requirements may:

 

 

The standards for determining whether an entity is a “telecommunications service provider” are established by the FCC. In general, a telecommunications service provider is an entity that offers telecommunications services to the public at large, and is, therefore, providing telecommunications services on a common carrier basis. Moreover, a party will be deemed to be an affiliate of a telecommunications service provider if that party controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, a telecommunications service provider. A party is deemed to control another if that party, directly or indirectly:

 

 

The standards for determining whether an entity is a telecommunications service provider or an affiliate of a telecommunications service provider and the rules applicable to telecommunications service providers and their affiliates are complex and may be subject to change. Each stockholder is responsible for notifying us if it is a telecommunications service provider or an affiliate of a telecommunications service provider.

 

None.

 

 

Our corporate headquarters are located in Sterling, Virginia under leases that are scheduled to expire in July and August 2010. We have two five-year renewal options on these leases.

 

In addition, we lease operating space in Staines, United Kingdom, Haifa, Israel, Dusseldorf, Germany, Milan, Italy, Hong Kong and Singapore. Within the United States, we also lease operating space in North Carolina, the District of Columbia, Arizona, Washington and California. These domestic and international leases expire on various dates through March 2017. We believe that our existing facilities are sufficient to meet our requirements, and that new space will be available on commercially reasonable terms as we expand.

 

 

From time to time, we are subject to claims in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of our business. We do not believe that we are party to any pending legal action that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or operating results.

 

 

None.

 

 

Market for Our Common Stock

 

Since June 29, 2005, our Class A common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NSR.” As of February 17, 2009, our Class A common stock was held by 158 stockholders of record. The following table sets forth the per-share range of the high and low sales prices of our Class A common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the periods indicated:

 

 

There is no established public trading market for our Class B common stock. As of February 17, 2009, our Class B common stock was held by 7 stockholders of record.

 

Dividends

 

We did not pay any cash dividends on our Class A or Class B common stock in 2007 or 2008 and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any

future earnings to finance our operations and growth. Our revolving credit facility limits our ability to declare or pay dividends. We are also limited by Delaware law in the amount of dividends we can pay. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on earnings, financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, any contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

 

Purchases of Equity Securities

 

The following table is a summary of our repurchases of common stock during each of the three months in the quarter ended December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

 

Performance Graph

 

The following chart shows how $100 invested in our Class A common stock on June 29, 2005, the day our Class A common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, would have grown through the period ended December 31, 2008, compared with: (a) $100 invested in the Russell 2000 Index, and (b) $100 invested in the NYSE TMT Index, each over that same period. The comparison assumes reinvestment of dividends. The stock performance in the graph is included to satisfy our SEC disclosure requirements, and is not intended to forecast or to be indicative of future performance.

 

This Performance Graph shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into our SEC filings and shall not constitute soliciting material or otherwise be considered filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 

 

 

The tables below present selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the five years ended December 31, 2008 and selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the three years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, have been derived from, and should be read together with, our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in this report. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the two years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005, and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes not included in this report. The share and per share data included in the selected consolidated statements of operations data for the year ended December 31, 2004 reflect the 1.4-for-1 split of our common stock effected as part of the Recapitalization, but do not reflect other aspects of the Recapitalization.

 

The following information should be read together with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the more detailed information contained in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this report and our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8 of this report.

 

 

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with the information set forth under “Selected Financial Data” in Item 6 of this report and our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 8 of this report. The statements in this discussion related to our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements in this discussion, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report and “Business — Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 1 of this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

 

Overview

 

We continued to experience increased demand for our services in 2008, resulting in a 14% increase in revenue over 2007. Under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States, we processed 372.3 million transactions, a growth of 17% over 2007. In addition, we continued to see increased demand from enterprises that require systems capable of handling high volumes of Internet traffic, which fueled demand for domain name systems service offerings, especially our Ultra services.

 

Our results in 2008 were significantly impacted by two goodwill impairment charges totaling $93.6 million and a long-lived assets impairment charge of $18.2 million, all of which related to our NGM business segment. In the fourth quarter of 2008, in response to lower than anticipated adoption rates of our NGM services and the resulting underperformance of our NGM business, as well as the manner in which the mobile data market had evolved and was evolving, we added new leadership and changed the strategic direction of our NGM business. Associated with this decision, we began to realign the NGM organization in December of 2008, and we began development of a new technology platform that would serve as the common infrastructure for each of our NGM customers. Though we believe the implementation of this new strategy for the NGM business will position it well for long-term success, this repositioning of our NGM business will result in a delay in market penetration and delayed growth in end-user adoption rates.

 

In 2008, our cash flow from operating activities was $167.6 million, which demonstrates our ability to generate strong cash flows notwithstanding deteriorating market conditions, particularly in the second half of the year. The strength of our business and financial condition enabled us to use $124.9 million in cash to repurchase shares of our common stock during the year and still end the year with $161.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.

 

Recent Developments

 

On January 28, 2009, we amended our contracts to provide telephone number portability and other clearinghouse services to telecommunications service providers in the United States. The pricing terms under the amended contracts are based on a fixed fee model rather than a transaction-based model. Specifically, the amended contracts establish an annual base fee for the telephone number portability services we provide, which base fee is subject to an annual price escalator of 6.5%. The amended contracts also provide for fixed credits in 2009, 2010 and 2011 that are used to calculate the respective annual fixed fee. In addition, our customers may earn additional credits annually in 2009, 2010 and 2011 if certain levels of aggregate telephone number inventories are reached and if certain IP fields and functionality are adopted and implemented. In the event that transactions in a given year are above or below the established volume range for that year, the base fee may be adjusted up or down, respectively, with any such adjustment being applied to the following year’s invoices.

Our Company

 

We provide the communications industry and enterprise customers with critical technology services that solve their addressing, interoperability and infrastructure needs. These services are used by CSPs and enterprise customers to manage a range of their technical and operating requirements, including:

 

 

We derive a substantial portion of our annual revenue on a transaction basis, most of which is derived from long-term contracts.

 

Our costs and expenses consist of cost of revenue, sales and marketing, research and development, general and administrative, and depreciation and amortization.

 

Cost of revenue includes all direct materials, direct labor, and those indirect costs related to the generation of revenue such as indirect labor, materials and supplies and facilities cost. Our primary cost of revenue is related to personnel costs associated with service implementation, product maintenance, customer deployment and customer care, including salaries, stock-based compensation and other personnel-related expense. In addition, cost of revenue includes costs relating to developing modifications and enhancements of our existing technology and services, as well as royalties paid related to our U.S. Common Short Code services and registry gateway services. Cost of revenue also includes our information technology and systems department, including network costs, data center maintenance, database management, data processing costs and facilities costs.

 

Sales and marketing expense consists of personnel costs, such as salaries, sales commissions, travel, stock-based compensation, and other personnel-related expense; costs associated with attending and sponsoring trade shows; costs of computer and communications equipment and support services; facilities costs; consulting fees; costs of marketing programs, such as Internet and print, including product branding, market analysis and forecasting; and customer relationship management.

 

Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and other personnel-related expense; consulting fees; and the costs of facilities, computer and support services used in service and technology development.

 

General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation, and other personnel-related expense, for our executive, administrative, legal, finance and human resources functions. General and administrative expense also includes facilities, support services and professional services fees.

 

Depreciation and amortization relates to amortization of identifiable intangibles, and the depreciation of our property and equipment, including our network infrastructure and facilities related to our services.

 

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to utilize accounting policies and make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingencies as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during a fiscal period. The Securities and Exchange Commission considers an accounting policy to be critical if it is important to a company’s financial condition and results of operations, and if it requires significant judgment and estimates on the part of management in its application. We have discussed the selection

and development of the critical accounting policies with the audit committee of our board of directors, and the audit committee has reviewed our related disclosures in this report. Although we believe that our judgments and estimates are appropriate and correct, actual results may differ from those estimates.

 

We believe the following to be our critical accounting policies because they are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and they require critical management judgments and estimates about matters that are uncertain. If actual results or events differ materially from those contemplated by us in making these estimates, our reported financial condition and results of operation for future periods could be materially affected. See Item 1A of this report, “Risk Factors,” for certain matters that may bear on our future results of operations.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Our revenue recognition policies are in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104, Revenue Recognition. We provide the following services pursuant to various private commercial and government contracts.

 

Addressing.  Our addressing services include telephone number administration, implementing the allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers, directory services for Internet domain names and U.S. Common Short Codes, and internal and external managed domain name services. We generate revenue from our telephone number administration services under two government contracts. Under our contract to serve as the North American Numbering Plan Administrator, we earn a fixed annual fee and recognize this fee as revenue on a straight-line basis as services are provided. Under our contract to serve as the National Pooling Administrator, we earn a fixed fee associated with administration of the pooling system plus reimbursement for costs incurred. We recognize revenue for this contract based on costs incurred plus a pro rata amount of the fixed fee. In the event we estimate losses on our fixed-fee contracts, we recognize these losses in the period in which a loss becomes apparent.

 

In addition to the administrative functions associated with our role as the National Pooling Administrator, we also generate revenue from implementing the allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers under our long-term contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, and we recognize revenue on a per transaction fee basis as the services are performed. For our Internet domain name services, we generate revenue for Internet domain registrations, which generally have contract terms between one and ten years. We recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the lives of the related customer contracts.

 

We generate revenue through internal and external managed domain name services. Our revenue consists of customer set-up fees, monthly recurring fees and per transaction fees for transactions in excess of pre-established monthly minimums under contracts with terms ranging from one to three years. Customer set-up fees are not considered a separate deliverable and are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Under our contracts to provide our managed domain name services, customers have contractually established monthly transaction volumes for which they are charged a recurring monthly fee. Transactions processed in excess of the pre-established monthly volume are billed at a contractual per transaction rate. Each month we recognize the recurring monthly fee and usage in excess of the established monthly volume on a per transaction basis as services are provided. We also generate revenue from one-time project fees, which are recognized over the contract term. We generate revenue from our U.S. Common Short Code services under short-term contracts ranging from three to twelve months, and we recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the customer contracts.

 

Interoperability.  Our interoperability services consist primarily of wireline and wireless number portability and order management services. We generate revenue from number portability under our long-term contracts with North American Portability Management LLC and Canadian LNP Consortium Inc. We recognize revenue on a per transaction fee basis as the services are performed. We provide order management services consisting of customer set-up and implementation followed by transaction processing under contracts with terms ranging from one to three years. Customer set-up and implementation is not considered a separate deliverable; accordingly, the fees are deferred and recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Per transaction fees are recognized as the transactions are processed. We generate revenue from our inter-carrier mobile instant messaging services under contracts with mobile operators that range from one to three years. These contracts consist of license

fees based on the number of subscribers that use mobile instant messaging services, as well as fees for set-up and implementation. We recognize license fee revenue ratably over the term of the contract after completion of customer set-up and implementation. Customer set-up and implementation is not considered a separate deliverable; accordingly, the fees are deferred and recognized as revenue on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the contract following delivery of the set-up and implementation services.

 

Infrastructure and Other.  Our infrastructure services consist primarily of network management and connection services. We generate revenue from network management services under our long-term contracts with North American Portability Management LLC. We recognize revenue on a per transaction fee basis as the services are performed. In addition, we generate revenue from connection fees and system enhancements under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC. We recognize our connection fee revenue as the service is performed. System enhancements are provided under contracts in which we are reimbursed for costs incurred plus a fixed fee. Revenue is recognized based on costs incurred plus a pro rata amount of the fee. We generate revenue from our intra-carrier mobile instant messaging services under contracts with mobile operators that range from one to three years. These contracts consist of license fees based on the number of subscribers that use mobile instant messaging services, as well as fees for set-up and implementation. We recognize license fee revenue ratably over the term of the contract after completion of customer set-up and implementation. Customer set-up and implementation is not considered a separate deliverable; accordingly, the fees are deferred and recognized as revenue on a straight line basis over the remaining term of the contract following delivery of the set-up and implementation services.

 

Significant Contracts

 

We provide wireline and wireless number portability, implement the allocation of pooled blocks of telephone numbers and provide network management services pursuant to seven contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, an industry group that represents all telecommunications service providers in the United States. We recognize revenue under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC primarily on a per transaction basis. The aggregate fees for transactions processed under these contracts are determined by the total number of transactions, and these fees are billed to telecommunications service providers based on their allocable share of the total transaction charges. This allocable share is based on each respective telecommunications service provider’s share of the aggregate end-user services revenue of all U.S. telecommunications service providers, as determined by the FCC. Under our contracts, we also bill a Revenue Recovery Collections, or RRC, fee of a percentage of monthly billings to our customers, which is available to us if any telecommunications service provider fails to pay its allocable share of total transactions charges. If the RRC fee is insufficient for that purpose, these contracts also provide for the recovery of such differences from the remaining telecommunications service providers.

 

The per transaction pricing under these contracts provided for annual volume-based credits that were earned on all transactions in excess of the pre-determined annual volume threshold. For 2006, the maximum aggregate volume-based credit was $7.5 million, which was applied via a reduction in per transaction pricing once the pre-determined annual volume threshold was surpassed. When the aggregate credit was fully satisfied, the per transaction pricing was restored to the prevailing contractual rate. In 2006 the pre-determined annual transaction volume threshold under the contract was exceeded, which resulted in the issuance of $7.5 million of volume-based credits for 2006. No volume-based credits were applied in 2007 and 2008 as a result of amendments to our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC in September 2006.

 

In 2007, pricing under our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC was $0.91 per transaction regardless of transaction volume. Beginning January 1, 2008, per transaction pricing was derived on a straight-line basis using an effective rate calculation formula based on annualized transaction volume between 200 million and 587.5 million. For annualized transaction volumes less than or equal to 200 million, the per transaction price is equal to a flat rate of $0.95 per transaction. For annualized volumes greater than or equal to 587.5 million, the per transaction price is equal to a flat rate of $0.75 per transaction. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the weighted average per transaction price was $0.86.

Service Level Standards

 

Pursuant to certain of our private commercial contracts, we are subject to service level standards and to corresponding penalties for failure to meet those standards. We record a provision for these performance-related penalties when we become aware that required service levels that would trigger such a penalty have not been met, which results in a corresponding reduction of our revenue.

 

For more information regarding how we recognize revenue for each of our service categories, please see the discussion above under “— Revenue Recognition.”

 

Restructuring

 

In December 2008, we announced a restructuring plan for our NGM business segment, involving the termination of certain employees, and reduction in or closure of leased facilities in some of our international locations. As a result, we incurred $1.2 million in severance related costs and $0.5 million in lease and facilities exit costs for the year ended December 31, 2008. These restructuring costs include estimated costs for net lease expense for facilities that are no longer being used. The provision is equal to the present value of the minimum future lease payments under our contractual lease obligations, offset by the present value of the estimated sublease payments that we may receive. As of December 31, 2008, our accrued restructuring liability was $3.5 million, including $1.8 million and $1.7 million of liabilities relating to our Clearinghouse and NGM segments, respectively. The total minimum lease payments for restructured facilities are $2.3 million, net of anticipated sublease payments. These lease payments will be made over the remaining lives of the relevant leases, which range from six months to four years. If actual market conditions are different than those we have projected, we will be required to recognize additional restructuring costs or benefits associated with these facilities.

 

Goodwill

 

We have made numerous acquisitions, including the 2006 acquisitions of UltraDNS Corporation and Followap Inc., resulting in our recording of goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired, as well as other definite-lived intangible assets. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, or SFAS No. 142, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances that would reduce the fair value of such assets below their carrying amount. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually, or on an interim basis if circumstances change that would indicate the possibility of impairment. For purposes of our annual impairment test, we have identified and assigned goodwill to two reporting units, our Clearinghouse reporting unit and our NGM reporting unit.

 

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level using a two-step approach. The first step is to compare the fair value of a reporting unit’s net assets, including assigned goodwill, to the book value of its net assets, including assigned goodwill. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using both an income approach and market approach. To assist in the process of determining whether a goodwill impairment exists, we perform internal valuation analyses and consider other market information that is publicly available, and we may obtain appraisals from external advisors. If the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its net book value, the assigned goodwill is not considered impaired. If the fair value is less than the reporting unit’s net book value, we perform a second step to measure the amount of the impairment, if any. If required, the second step involves a comparison of the book value of the reporting unit’s assigned goodwill to the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, using a theoretical purchase price allocation based on this implied fair value, in order to determine the magnitude of the impairment. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we are required to record a write-down of the carrying value and charge the impairment as an operating expense in the period the determination is made.

 

The annual goodwill impairment test, any required interim goodwill impairment test and the related determination of the fair value of reporting units and intangible assets each involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions by management, and are inherently subjective. In particular, for each of our reporting units, the significant assumptions used to determine fair value include market penetration, anticipated growth rates, and risk-adjusted discount rates for the income approach, as well as the selection of comparable companies and comparable transactions for the market approach. Changes in estimates and assumptions could have

a significant impact on whether or not an impairment charge is recognized and also the magnitude of any such charge. Moreover, for our NGM reporting unit, due to the early stage of its operations and the emerging nature of mobile instant messaging technology, the assumptions and estimates used by management that are incorporated within the NGM reporting unit valuation have a high degree of subjectivity, and are thus more likely to change over time. In addition, because relatively few carriers control a substantial portion of the end users who will drive the success of mobile instant messaging, the activities of NGM’s largest customers can have a significant impact on these assumptions and estimates.

 

The impact of a change in assumptions in the context of our goodwill impairment testing may be material. For example, in 2008, changes to our key assumptions in determining the fair value of our NGM reporting unit resulted in two goodwill impairment charges. Specifically, late in the first quarter of 2008, there were changes in the market and identified customer-related events that caused us to change certain of our assumptions underlying the financial forecast relating to NGM, most notably our assumptions about end-user adoption rates. Projections of future cash flows for the NGM business are particularly sensitive to these assumptions. As a result, when the events of the first quarter caused us to reduce our projections relating to the rate at which new end users would begin using mobile instant messaging, those changed assumptions had a dramatic impact on our financial forecast for that business and the estimated fair value of our NGM business. As a result, we recorded a $29.0 million impairment charge in the first quarter of the 2008 fiscal year.

 

In the fourth quarter of 2008, in response to lower than anticipated adoption rates and the resulting underperformance of our NGM business, as well as the manner in which the mobile data market had evolved and was evolving, we added new leadership and conducted a strategic evaluation of our NGM business. The goal of this strategic evaluation was to position NGM for future long-term success in the mobile instant messaging market. During the course of this evaluation, we conducted a thorough review of the NGM business, including our experience in the mobile instant messaging market since our acquisition of Followap Inc. in November 2006, the current state of the mobile instant messaging market and related markets, the performance of our competitors for these services and consumer demand. Following this evaluation, we decided to change the direction of our NGM business to offer enhanced end user experiences, faster deployments, and greater operator control, all of which would be delivered from a common infrastructure. Associated with this decision, we began to realign the NGM organization, and we announced a restructuring plan in December 2008 to leverage our existing operational resources to support our NGM initiatives. In addition, consistent with our new strategic direction, we began development of a new technology platform that would serve as the common infrastructure for each of our NGM customers. This repositioning of our NGM business will result in a delay in market penetration and delayed growth in end user adoption rates. At the same time, the NGM business will require continued investment and we will continue to experience net cash outflows until that market penetration and growth occurs. The revisions to the financial forecast to reflect this new strategic direction resulted in a decline in the estimated fair value of the NGM business. As a result, we recorded an additional goodwill impairment charge of $64.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2008.

 

The key assumptions used in our annual goodwill impairment test to determine the fair value of the NGM reporting unit included: (a) cash flow projections, which include growth assumptions for forcasted revenue and expenses; (b) a terminal multiple of 7.5 times based upon the expected proceeds resulting from a sale of the NGM business unit at the end of the cash flow projection period; (c) a discount rate of 45%, which was based upon the NGM business unit’s weighted cost of capital adjusted for the risks associated with the operations at the time of the annual goodwill impairment test; (d) selection of comparable companies and transactions used in the market approach; and (e) our assumptions in weighting the results of the discounted cash flow approach, income approach and market approach valuation techniques. A variance in these assumptions could have a significant effect on the amount of the goodwill impairment charge recorded.

 

The fair value of our NGM reporting unit was determined to be less than its carrying value as of the annual impairment date. As a result, we performed a step two analysis to compute the amount of the impairment by determining an “implied fair value” of goodwill. The determination of our NGM reporting unit’s “implied fair value” of goodwill requires us to allocate the estimated fair value of our NGM reporting unit to the assets and liabilities of our NGM reporting unit. Any unallocated fair value represents the “implied fair value” of goodwill, which is then compared to its corresponding carrying value. We considered the fair value of our assets and

liabilities, including technology assets and customer relationships, and the appropriate treatment of deferred tax balances.

 

We believe that the assumptions and estimates used to determine the estimated fair values of each of our reporting units are reasonable; however, these estimates are inherently subjective, and there are a number of factors, including factors outside of the our control, that could cause actual results to differ from our estimates. For example, with respect to our NGM business, our assumptions could change due to further delays resulting from changes in strategy by participants in the mobile instant messaging market, lack of effective marketing efforts to promote mobile instant messaging to end users, unforeseen changes in the market or otherwise. Any changes to our key assumptions about our businesses and our prospects, or changes in market conditions, could result in an additional impairment charge. Such a charge could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements because of the significance of goodwill and intangible assets to our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2008, we had $95.7 million and $22.3 million, respectively, in goodwill for our Clearinghouse reporting unit and our NGM reporting unit, subject to future impairment tests.

 

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

 

Our long-lived assets primarily consist of property and equipment and intangible assets. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, or SFAS No. 144, we review long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. Recoverability measurement and estimation of undiscounted cash flows is done at the lowest possible level for which there is an identifiable asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are recorded at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Management must exercise judgment in determining whether an event has occurred that may impair the value of the long-lived assets. Factors that could indicate that impairment may exist include significant underperformance relative to a plan or long-term projections, significant changes in business strategy, significant negative industry or economic trends or a significant decline in our stock price or in the value of our reporting units for a sustained period of time.

 

During the fourth quarter of 2008, we made the determination that our strategic decision to reposition the NGM business and the resulting change in our projected results served as an indicator of impairment for long-lived assets in our NGM business reporting unit. We performed a recoverability test, determined that the fair value of these long-lived assets was less than the carrying value, and recorded an $18.2 million charge for impairment of long-lived assets, the largest component of which consisted of technology and customer relationships. In determining fair value, we utilized valuation models that involved assumptions about future cash flows, future operating plans, discount rates and, as appropriate, review of market comparables. We believe that the assumptions and estimates used to determine the estimated fair values of our long-lived assets are reasonable; however, there are a number of factors, including factors outside of the our control, that could cause actual results to differ from our assumptions and estimates. Moreover, assumptions and estimates used by management that are incorporated within the valuation of NGM’s long-lived assets have a higher degree of subjectivity and are more likely to change over time.

 

As a result of the strategic repositioning of our NGM business and the resulting change in our financial forecast, all of which is described above under the heading “Critical Accounting Policies — Goodwill”, we recorded an impairment of long-lived assets specific to our NGM reporting unit of $18.2 million during the fourth quarter of 2008. As of December 31, 2008, we had $61.7 million and $19.1 million, respectively, in long-lived assets for our Clearinghouse reporting unit and our NGM reporting unit.

 

Accounts Receivable, Revenue Recovery Collections, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. In accordance with our contracts with North American Portability Management LLC, we bill a RRC fee of a percentage of monthly billings to our customers. The aggregate RRC fees collected may be used to offset uncollectible receivables from an

individual customer. Beginning July 1, 2005, the RRC fee was 1% of monthly billings. On July 1, 2008, the RRC fee was reduced to 0.75%. Any accrued RRC fees in excess of uncollectible receivables are paid back to the customers annually on a pro rata basis. All other receivables related to services not covered by the RRC fees are evaluated and, if deemed not collectible, are appropriately reserved.

 

Investments

 

We have approximately $41.7 million par value in investments related to auction rate securities, or ARS, all of which are classified as noncurrent at December 31, 2008. For each of our ARS at December 31, 2008, we determined the fair value using discounted cash flow and market comparables methods. The discounted cash flow valuation method involves management’s judgment and assumptions regarding discount rates, coupon rates, and estimated maturity for each of the ARS. The market comparables valuation method involves management’s judgment regarding the selection of comparable securities and transactions in a secondary market. Based on the results of our assessments, we recorded losses of $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 to reduce the value of our ARS. If we use different assumptions and judgments in our valuations or the credit rating of either the security issuer or the third-party insurer underlying the investments deteriorates, we may be required to adjust the carrying value of our ARS through additional charges in current period earnings. As of December 31, 2008, our ARS investment balance subject to future fluctuations in fair value is approximately $31.1 million.

 

In November 2008, we accepted a settlement offer in the form of a rights offering from the investment firm that brokered the original purchases of the $41.7 million par value of ARS, which provides us with the right to sell these securities at par value to the investment firm during a period beginning on June 30, 2010. Because the settlement agreement is a legally enforceable firm commitment, the rights are recognized as a financial asset at fair value in our financial statements at December 31, 2008, and accounted for separately from the associated securities. We have elected to measure the rights at their fair value pursuant to SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115, or SFAS 159, and subsequent changes in fair value will also be recognized in current period earnings. Because we intend to exercise the rights in June 2010, we do not have the intent to hold the associated auction rate securities until recovery or maturity. We have classified the ARS as trading securities pursuant to SFAS No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, or SFAS No. 115, which requires changes in the fair value of these securities to be recorded in current period earnings, which we believe will substantially offset changes in the fair value of the rights. We determined the fair value of the rights using a discounted cash flow method which involves judgment and assumptions regarding the timing of cash flows, fair value of the underlying ARS and the ability of the investment firm to disburse the cash anticipated in the ARS rights offering. Based upon our assessment of the fair value of the rights, we recorded a gain of approximately $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 in interest and other income in our statement of operations.

 

We have approximately $13.1 million par value in investments related to a cash reserve fund which is closed to new investments and subject to immediate redemptions. The fund currently has a projected schedule that will result in approximately 90 to 95 percent of the fund to be redeemed in 2009. Because there is little or no market data, the fair value of the securities within the cash reserve fund was determined using pricing models that utilize recent trades for securities in active markets and dealer quotes for securities considered to be inactive, as well as contractual terms, maturity and assumptions about liquidity. As of December 31, 2008, our cash reserve fund balance subject to future fluctuations in fair value was approximately $10.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we recorded other-than-temporary losses of $2.3 million related to these securities held at December 31, 2008.

 

Income Taxes

 

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. These deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such amounts are expected to reverse or be utilized. The realization of deferred tax assets is contingent upon the generation of future taxable income. When appropriate, we recognize a valuation allowance to reduce such deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be ultimately realized. The calculation of deferred tax assets, including valuation allowances, and liabilities requires us

to apply significant judgment related to such factors as the application of complex tax laws, changes in tax laws and our future operations. We review our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis to determine if a valuation allowance is required based upon these factors. Changes in our assessment of the need for a valuation allowance could give rise to a change in such allowance, potentially resulting in additional expense or benefit in the period of change.

 

Income tax provision includes U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income taxes and is based on pre-tax income or loss. The provision or benefit for income taxes is based upon our estimate of our annual effective income tax rate. In determining the estimated annual effective income tax rate, we analyze various factors, including projections of our annual earnings and taxing jurisdictions in which the earnings will be generated, the impact of state and local income taxes and our ability to use tax credits and net operating loss carryforwards.

 

In June 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, or FIN 48, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements in accordance with SFAS No. 109. FIN 48 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006, and was adopted by us on January 1, 2007. FIN 48 provides a two-step approach to recognize and measure tax benefits when the benefits’ realization is uncertain. The first step is to determine whether the benefit is to be recognized; the second step is to determine the amount to be recognized. Income tax benefits should be recognized when, based on the technical merits of a tax position, the entity believes that if a dispute arose with the taxing authority and were taken to a court of last resort, it is more likely than not (i.e., a probability of greater than 50 percent) that the tax position would be sustained as filed. If a position is determined to be more likely than not of being sustained, the reporting enterprise should recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. The cumulative effect of applying the provisions of FIN 48 upon adoption is to be reported as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Our practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

 

Tax years 2005 through 2007 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. The Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, has initiated an examination of our federal income tax returns for the years 2005 and 2006. We anticipate that the examination will be completed within the next twelve months. While the outcome of the audit is uncertain, we do not currently believe that the outcome will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

 

Stock-Based Compensation

 

We recognize share-based compensation expense in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), Share-Based Payments, or SFAS No. 123(R), as interpreted by SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, or SAB 107. SFAS No. 123(R) requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for share-based awards based on estimated fair values on the date of grant. We estimate the fair value of each option-based award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This option pricing model requires that we make several estimates, including the option’s expected life and the price volatility of the underlying stock. The expected life of options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. Volatility is a measure of the amount by which a financial variable such as a share price has fluctuated, or historical volatility, and is expected to fluctuate, or expected volatility, during a period. Given our limited historical stock data since our initial public offering in June 2005, we consider the implied volatility and historical volatility of our stock price in determining our expected volatility.

 

Because share-based compensation expense is based on awards that are ultimately expected to vest, the amount of expense takes into account estimated forfeitures. SFAS No. 123(R) requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions can materially affect the measure of estimated fair value of our share-based compensation. See Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for information regarding our assumptions related to share-based compensation and the amount of share-based compensation expense we incurred for the periods covered in this report. As of December 31, 2008, total unrecognized compensation expense was $23.7 million, which relates to unvested stock options, unvested restricted

stock units, unvested restricted stock and unvested performance vested restricted stock units, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

 

We estimate the fair value of our restricted stock unit awards based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. Our outstanding restricted stock unit awards are subject to service-based vesting conditions and/or performance-based vesting conditions. We recognize the estimated fair value of service-based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, as share-based expense ratably over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Awards with performance-based vesting conditions require the achievement of specific financial targets at the end of the specified performance period and the employee’s continued employment. We recognize the estimated fair value of performance-based awards, net of estimated forfeitures, as share-based expense over the performance period, which considers each performance period or tranche separately, based upon our determination of whether it is probable that the performance targets will be achieved. At each reporting period, we reassess the probability of achieving the performance targets and the performance period required to meet those targets. Determining whether the performance targets will be achieved involves judgment, and the estimate of stock-based compensation expense may be revised periodically based on changes in the probability of achieving the performance targets. Revisions are reflected in the period in which the estimate is changed. If any performance goals are not met, no compensation cost is ultimately recognized against that goal, and, to the extent previously recognized, compensation cost is reversed. Based upon our assessment in the fourth quarter of 2008 of the probability of achieving specific financial targets related to our performance vested restricted stock units, we revised our estimate of achievement from 125% of target to 50% of target. The change in this assumption resulted in a reversal of approximately $3.0 million in compensation expense in the fourth quarter of 2008. Our consolidated net income for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $4.3 million and diluted earnings per share was $0.06 per share. As a result of this change in estimate, the as adjusted net income would have been approximately $1.6 million and the as adjusted diluted earnings per share would have been approximately $0.02 per share had we continued to use the previous estimate of 125% of the performance target. Further changes in our assumptions regarding the achievement of specific financial targets could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

 

Acquisitions

 

We have expanded the scope of our services and increased our customer base through selective acquisitions. Our objective for each acquisition was to expand the scope of the services that we provide and to leverage our clearinghouse capabilities in order to maximize efficiency and provide added value to our customers.

 

UltraDNS Corporation

 

On April 21, 2006, we acquired UltraDNS Corporation for $61.8 million in cash and acquisition costs of $0.8 million. The acquisition further expanded our domain name services and our Internet protocol technologies. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations, or SFAS No. 141. Of the total cash consideration, approximately $6.1 million was distributed to an escrow account for indemnification claims as set forth in the acquisition agreement. Funds remaining in the account were distributed to the former stockholders of UltraDNS in accordance with the acquisition agreement following the first anniversary of the acquisition.

 

Of the total purchase price, $8.5 million has been allocated to net tangible assets acquired and $20.0 million has been allocated to definite-lived intangible assets acquired. The income approach, which includes an analysis of cash flows and the risks associated with achieving such cash flows, was the primary technique utilized in valuing the identifiable intangible assets. The $20.0 million of definite-lived intangible assets acquired consists of the value assigned to UltraDNS’s direct customer relationships of $14.7 million, web customer relationships of $0.3 million, acquired technology of $4.8 million, and trade names of $0.2 million. We are amortizing the value of the UltraDNS direct and web customer relationships in proportion to the respective discounted cash flows over an estimated useful life of 7 and 5 years, respectively. Both acquired technology and trade names are being amortized on a straight-line basis over 3 years.

 

Followap Inc.

 

On November 27, 2006, we acquired Followap Inc. for $139.0 million in cash and acquisition costs of $1.8 million along with the assumption and payment of certain Followap debt and other liabilities of $5.6 million.

The acquisition further expanded our Internet protocol technologies, which is a key strategic initiative for us. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141. Of the total cash consideration, approximately $14.1 million was distributed to an escrow account for indemnification claims as set forth in the acquisition agreement. The acquisition agreement provides that, following the first anniversary of the acquisition and the resolution of any pending claims, all funds remaining in the account will be distributed to the former stockholders and optionholders of Followap in accordance with the acquisition agreement.

 

Of the total purchase price, $0.2 million has been allocated to net tangible liabilities assumed and $30.6 million has been allocated to definite-lived intangible assets acquired. The income approach, which includes an analysis of cash flows and the risks associated with achieving such cash flows, was the primary technique utilized in valuing the identifiable intangible assets. The $30.6 million of definite lived intangible assets acquired consists of the value assigned to Followap’s customer relationships of $20.8 million and acquired technology of $9.8 million. We are amortizing the value of the Followap customer relationships using an accelerated basis over 5 years and the value of the acquired technology on a straight-line basis over 3 years. During 2008, we recorded impairment charges to write down the carrying value of the NGM reporting unit’s goodwill and long-lived assets.

 

I-View.com, Inc. (d/b/a MetaInfo)

 

On January 8, 2007, we acquired certain assets of I-View.com, Inc. (d/b/a MetaInfo) for cash consideration of $1.7 million. The acquisition of MetaInfo expanded our enterprise DNS services. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141 and the results of operations of MetaInfo have been included in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations since the date of acquisition. Of the total purchase price, we allocated $0.1 million to net tangible liabilities assumed, $0.5 million to definite-lived intangible assets and $1.3 million to goodwill. Definite-lived intangible assets consist of customer intangibles and acquired technology. We are amortizing the value of the customer intangibles in proportion to the discounted cash flows over an estimated useful life of 3 years. Acquired technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over 3 years.

 

Webmetrics, Inc.

 

On January 10, 2008, we acquired Webmetrics, Inc. for cash consideration of $12.5 million, subject to certain purchase price adjustments and contingent cash consideration of up to $6.0 million, and acquisition costs of approximately $685,000. The acquisition of Webmetrics, a provider of web and network performance testing, monitoring and measurement services, expanded our Internet and infrastructure services. The acquisition was accounted for as a purchase business combination in accordance with SFAS No. 141 and the results of operations of Webmetrics have been included in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations since the date of acquisition. Of the total purchase price, a preliminary estimate of $0.4 million has been allocated to net tangible assets acquired, $6.4 million to definite-lived intangible assets and $7.2 million to goodwill. Definite-lived intangible assets consist of customer relationships and acquired technology. We are amortizing the value of the customer relationships in proportion to the discounted cash flows over an estimated useful life of 3 years. Acquired technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over 5 years. In 2008, we recorded $1.2 million in purchase price adjustments to goodwill as a result of earnout installments in accordance with the purchase agreement.

 

Current Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

 

In 2008, in the face of turbulent economic conditions, we experienced overall increased demand for our services and solutions despite lower than anticipated demand for our NGM services. In particular, we experienced increased demand for our telephone number portability services in the United States, our expanded range of DNS services and the use of U.S. Common Short Codes.

 

In January 2009, we amended our seven regional contracts with North American Portability Management LLC under which we provide telephone number portability and other clearinghouse services to CSPs in the United States. The amendments provide for an annual, fixed-fee associated with the telephone number portability services we provide, which is subject to an annual price escalator. The fixed fee is subject to adjustment in limited circumstances, including an upward or downward adjustment in the event that the volume of transactions in a given year is above or below a contractually established volume range for that year, respectively. If any such adjustment is

triggered, it would be applied in the following year. We believe that, as the industry continues to evolve and become more complex and as new technologies continue to proliferate, we will experience continued demand for our addressing, interoperability and infrastructure services. We also believe the amendments to these contracts should facilitate the use of new services by the industry to enable IP routing of Voice, Short Messaging Text, and Multi-media messaging Moreover, as our customers begin to rely on us to implement IP-based communications, we believe that we will have opportunities for future growth from ancillary directory services.

 

We continued to see increased demand during 2008 for our addressing services from enterprises that require systems capable of handling high volumes of Internet traffic. This demand was a primary driver of revenue growth for our domain name services, particularly Ultra services. We believe that enterprise customers will continue to increase their reliance on the Internet and their DNS-based systems to run their businesses, which will, in turn, increase their reliance on our services, and enable us to increase the scope of services that we provide to these customers and attract new customers that require reliable and scalable DNS services.

 

The revenue we recognized from our NGM services has not grown at the rates we anticipated when we acquired Followap in November 2006. Consequently, at the end of 2008, we repositioned our NGM business so that we could offer enhanced end user experiences, faster deployments, greater operator control and a common infrastructure. In addition, we began to implement cost cutting measures at NGM to bring our spending to a level that is consistent with demand, while solidifying our position as a key provider of infrastructure that will enable mobile carriers to offer mobile instant messaging and new features and functionalities to their end users.

 

Though the amendment of our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States provides enhanced predictability for a substantial portion of our total revenue, the impact of the current macroeconomic and industry conditions on our organization as a whole is unclear. During this period of uncertainty, we intend to balance our strategy of continued investment for the long-term with careful management of our workforce and operating costs. Overall, our focus is to manage our business to provide strong profitability and cash flows.

Consolidated Results of Operations

 

Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2008

 

The following table presents an overview of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008.

 

Revenue

 

Total revenue.  Total revenue increased $59.7 million due primarily to increases in infrastructure transactions under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States, our expanded range of DNS services, and growth in the use of U.S. Common Short Codes.

 

Addressing.  Addressing revenue increased $20.9 million due to the expanded range of DNS services we offer and the continued increase in the use of U.S. Common Short Codes. Specifically, revenue from DNS services increased $17.4 million, consisting of a $13.0 million increase in revenue from our NeuStar Ultra services due to increased demand from customers who rely on us to manage their increasingly complex DNS requirements and a $4.4 million increase in revenue due to an increased number of domain names under management. In addition, revenue from U.S. Common Short Codes increased $5.5 million due to an increased number of codes under management. These increases were offset by a decrease of $1.7 million in revenue under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States.

 

Interoperability.  Interoperability revenue increased $2.6 million. Our Clearinghouse business segment revenue decreased $3.6 million, offset by a $6.2 million increase attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse revenue decreased primarily due to a decrease in revenue of $2.6 million under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States due to decreased competitive churn and lower annual average price per transaction. In addition, our revenue from telephone number portability services in Canada decreased $4.8 million resulting from a return to normal use patterns in 2008 as compared to the elevated transaction levels we experienced in early 2007 in advance of the introduction of wireless number portability in Canada. These decreases were offset by a $4.4 million increase in revenue from our order management services. The increase in NGM business segment revenue of $6.2 million was driven by an increase in the number of end users utilizing our services.

 

Infrastructure and other.  Infrastructure and other revenue increased $36.1 million, of which $35.8 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $0.3 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse revenue increased primarily due to increased demand for our network management services, principally due to customers making changes to their networks that required actions such as disconnects and modifications to network elements. We believe these changes were driven largely by trends in the industry, including the implementation of new technologies by our customers, such as wireless technology upgrades and network optimization. In addition, infrastructure revenue from our NGM business segment increased $0.3 million, which was driven by an increase in the number of carrier customers utilizing our services.

 

Expense

 

Cost of revenue.  Cost of revenue increased $10.6 million, of which $1.9 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $8.7 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse cost of revenue increased due to an increase of $4.0 million in royalty expenses related to U.S. Common Short Code services and expense related to new deployments. This increase was offset by a reduction of $2.8 million in personnel and personnel-related expense as a result of increased operating efficiencies in support of our platforms. The $8.7 million increase in NGM cost of revenue was due primarily to an increase of $3.6 million in personnel and personnel-related expense, an increase of $2.7 million in consultants and professional fees, and $2.4 million increase in general support costs associated with additional deployments for the carrier customers utilizing our services.

 

Sales and marketing.  Sales and marketing expense increased $3.3 million, of which $2.1 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $1.2 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse sales and marketing expense increased $1.6 million due to personnel and personnel-related expense as a result of additions to our sales and marketing team to focus on branding, product launches, and expanded DNS service offerings. The increase in NGM sales and marketing expense was due predominantly to an increase of $0.7 million in personnel and personnel-related expense to expand our sales force for NGM services and increased sales activities for new business development opportunities.

Research and development.  Total research and development expense remained relatively flat. Research and development expense for our Clearinghouse business segment decreased $2.2 million, which was offset by a $2.3 million increase attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse research and development expense decreased $1.3 million due to reductions in personnel and personnel-related expense and decreased $0.8 million due to reductions in consultants and professional fees. The $2.3 million increase in NGM research and development expense was attributable to a $1.6 million increase in personnel and personnel-related expenses due to increased headcount and a $0.7 million increase related to consulting fees to support NGM service offerings.

 

General and administrative.  General and administrative expense increased $9.8 million, of which $8.8 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $1.0 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse general and administrative expense increased $4.6 million in personnel and personnel-related expense due to increased headcount and $2.5 million increase in general facility costs. In addition, consulting fees to support business growth increased $1.8 million. The $1.0 million increase in NGM general and administrative expense was due primarily to personnel and personnel-related expense to increase headcount to support business growth.

 

Depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense increased $2.9 million, of which $1.7 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $1.2 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. These increases in each of our segments were due predominantly to an increase in capital assets purchased and held during the period.

 

Restructuring charges.  In December 2008, we recorded restructuring charges for our NGM business segment consisting of $1.2 million in severance related costs, primarily due to a workforce reduction, and $0.5 million in lease and facilities exit costs. There was no corresponding expense for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Impairment of goodwill.  We recorded total impairment charges of $93.6 million to write down the value of goodwill from our NGM business segment in 2008. There was no corresponding expense for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Impairment of long-lived assets.  In the fourth quarter of 2008, we recorded an impairment charge of $18.2 million to write down our NGM business segment intangible assets by $12.9 million and property and equipment assets by $5.3 million. There was no corresponding expense for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Interest and other expense.  Interest and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2008 increased $15.1 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 due primarily to other-than-temporary impairment charges taken on our ARS of $1.6 million and cash reserve fund investments of $2.7 million, and losses on our ARS of $9.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2008 due to the change in categorization of the ARS from available-for-sale to trading. There was no corresponding other-than-temporary impairment charges or losses in the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Interest and other income.  Interest and other income for the year ended December 31, 2008 increased $8.5 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 due primarily to the gain on our ARS rights offering of $9.4 million recognized in fourth quarter of 2008, offset by a decrease in interest income due to lower yields on lower average cash and short-term investment balances as compared to the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Provision for income taxes.  Our annual effective tax rate increased to 93.5% for the year ended December 31, 2008 from 39.7% for the year ended December 31, 2007 due primarily to the impact of the $93.6 million non-cash impairment charges related to our write-down of goodwill, none of which is deductible for tax purposes. The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2008 increased $0.9 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2007 due primarily to an increase in income from operations excluding the goodwill impairment charges in 2008.

Year Ended December 31, 2006 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2007

 

The following table presents an overview of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007.

 

 

Revenue

 

Total revenue.  Total revenue increased $96.2 million due primarily to increases in infrastructure transactions under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States, our expanded range of DNS services, and growth in the use of U.S. Common Short Codes.

 

Addressing.  Addressing revenue increased $5.9 million due to the expanded range of DNS services we offer as a result of our acquisition of UltraDNS Corporation in April 2006, and the continued increase in the use of U.S. Common Short Codes. Specifically, revenue from DNS services increased $18.4 million, consisting of a $15.0 million increase in revenue from increased use of our NeuStar Ultra services, and a $3.4 million increase in

revenue from an increased number of domain names under management. In addition, revenue from U.S. Common Short Codes increased $7.8 million due to an increased number of subscribers for U.S. Common Short Codes. These increases were offset by a decrease of $19.5 million in revenue under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States. We believe that this reduction in addressing revenue was due to a return to normal network expansion activities by carriers from unusually high levels in 2006, and the reduced pricing under these contracts that went into effect on January 1, 2007.

 

Interoperability.  Interoperability revenue increased $5.2 million, of which $1.8 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $3.4 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse revenue increased predominantly due to increased demand for telephone number portability services in advance of the introduction of wireless number portability in Canada. Specifically, revenue from telephone number portability services in Canada increased $6.4 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in revenue of $4.8 million under our contracts to provide telephone number portability services in the United States due to decreased competitive churn. NGM revenue was $3.4 million, which was driven by an expansion of the number of carrier customers utilizing inter-carrier services and the initial stages of end user adoption of mobile instant messaging. We acquired the NGM business at the end of November 2006; thus there was no corresponding NGM revenue in 2006.

 

Infrastructure and other.  Infrastructure and other revenue increased $85.0 million, of which $80.4 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $4.6 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse revenue increased predominantly due to increased demand for our network management services, primarily due to customers making changes to their networks that required actions such as disconnects and modifications to network elements. We believe these changes were driven largely by trends in the industry, including the implementation of new technologies by our customers, such as wireless technology upgrades and network optimization. In addition, infrastructure revenue from our NGM business segment increased $4.6 million, which was driven by an expansion of the number of carrier customers utilizing intra-carrier services and the initial stages of end user adoption of mobile instant messaging.

 

Expense

 

Cost of revenue.  Cost of revenue increased $8.8 million, of which $2.0 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $6.8 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse cost of revenue increased due to an increase of $5.7 million in royalty expenses related to U.S. Common Short Code services. This increase was offset by a reduction of $3.0 million in personnel and personnel-related expense, which was driven by increased operating efficiencies relating to support of our platforms, and a reduction of $1.5 million in contractor costs and professional fees. NGM cost of revenue totaled $7.3 million for 2007, representing a $6.8 million increase over the one month of cost of revenue we incurred following our acquisition of Followap in November 2006.

 

Sales and marketing.  Sales and marketing expense increased $23.2 million, of which $13.6 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $9.6 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse sales and marketing expense increased $9.5 million in personnel and personnel-related expense due primarily to additions to our sales and marketing team to focus on branding, product launches, expanded DNS service offerings, and new business development opportunities, including international expansion. In addition, external costs and other general marketing expense increased $2.0 million. NGM sales and marketing expense totaled $10.6 million for 2007, representing a $9.6 million increase over the one month of sales and marketing expense we incurred following our acquisition of Followap in November 2006.

 

Research and development.  Research and development expense increased $9.7 million, of which $2.4 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $7.3 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse research and development expense increased $2.5 million in personnel and personnel-related expense due primarily to additions to our research and development team to support our service offerings. NGM research and development expense totaled $7.9 million for 2007, representing a $7.3 million increase over the one month of research and development expense we incurred following our acquisition of Followap in November 2006.

General and administrative.  General and administrative expense increased $13.7 million, of which $5.7 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $8.0 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse general and administrative expense increased $3.9 million in personnel and personnel-related expense due to increased headcount to support business growth. In addition, this increase was further augmented by the reversal of a legal contingency accrual of $1.5 million in the second quarter of 2006 for which there was no comparable reversal during the year ended December 31, 2007. NGM general and administrative expense totaled $8.2 million for 2007, representing an $8.0 million increase over the one month of general and administrative expense we incurred following our acquisition of Followap in November 2006.

 

Depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense increased $13.7 million, of which $5.1 million was attributable to our Clearinghouse business segment and $8.6 million was attributable to our NGM business segment. Clearinghouse depreciation and amortization expense increased primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in depreciation of capital assets and a $1.7 million increase in amortization of identified intangibles as a result of our acquisition of UltraDNS. NGM depreciation and amortization expense totaled $9.5 million for 2007, representing an $8.6 million increase over the one month of depreciation and amortization expense we incurred following our acquisition of Followap in November 2006. This increase was primarily due to $7.1 million of expense related to the amortization of identified intangibles as a result of our acquisition of Followap.

 

Interest and other expense.  Interest and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2007 was comparable to interest and other expense for the year ended December 31, 2006.

 

Interest income.  Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased $0.6 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006 due to higher yields on average combined cash and short-term investment balances.

 

Provision for income taxes.  Income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased $9.4 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006 due primarily to an increase in income from operations. Our annual effective tax rate decreased to 39.7% for the year ended December 31, 2007 from 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2006.

 

Consolidated Results of Operations

 

We operate in two business segments — Clearinghouse and NGM. We have provided consolidated results of operations for our Clearinghouse business segment and our NGM business segment. For further discussion of the operating results of our Clearinghouse business segment and our NGM business segment, including revenue, income (loss) from operations, total assets, goodwill, and intangible assets, see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Our principal source of liquidity is cash provided by operating activities. Our principal uses of cash have been to fund acquisitions, stock repurchases, facility expansions, capital expenditures, working capital and debt service requirements. We anticipate that our principal uses of cash in the future will be working capital, capital expenditures, facility expansion, stock repurchases and acquisitions.

 

Total cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were $161.7 million at December 31, 2008, a decrease from $198.7 million at December 31, 2007. This decrease was due primarily to the use of $124.9 million to repurchase shares of our Class A common stock and the reclassification of $31.1 million of investments to long-term due to failed auctions for ARS held by us. Of the $161.7 million included in total cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, $10.8 million is invested in a cash reserve fund that has been closed to new investments and immediate redemptions since December 2007. The fund currently has a projected redemption schedule that will result in approximately 90 to 95 percent of the fund being redeemed in 2009.

 

We have a credit facility that is available for cash borrowings up to $100 million that may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate purposes and to finance acquisitions. Our credit agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and events of default. Our credit agreement requires us to maintain a minimum consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest charge ratio and a

maximum consolidated senior funded indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA ratio. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, we may be required to repay all amounts outstanding under the credit agreement or we may not be able to borrow cash under the existing credit facility. In addition, lenders holding more than 50% of the loans and commitments under the new credit agreement may elect to accelerate the maturity of amounts due thereunder upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an event of default. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2008, we were in compliance with these covenants. As of December 31, 2008, we had no borrowings under the credit facility and we utilized $8.8 million for outstanding letters of credit.

 

At December 31, 2008, our long-term investments totaled $40.5 million and consisted of auction rate securities of $31.1 million whose underlying assets are student loans, of which more than 90% are guaranteed by the federal government as part of the Federal Family Education Loan Program, or FFELP, and $9.4 million of ARS rights. These auction rate securities are intended to provide liquidity via an auction process that resets the applicable interest rate approximately every 30 days and allows investors to either roll over their holdings or gain immediate liquidity by selling such investments at par. The underlying maturities of these investments range from 16 to 38 years. As a result of current negative conditions in the global credit markets, auctions for our $31.1 million investment in these securities as of December 31, 2008 have failed on their respective settlement dates during the year ended December 31, 2008. Consequently, the investments are not currently liquid and we will not be able to access these funds until a future auction of these investments is successful, they are redeemed by the issuer of the securities or a buyer is found outside of the auction process. Given our strong liquidity position and expected cash flows, we do not anticipate the illiquidity of our auction rate securities will materially impact our ability to fund our operations for the next twelve months.

 

In November 2008, we accepted a settlement offer from the investment firm that brokered the original purchases of the $41.7 million par value of auction rate securities The settlement gave us the right to sell these securities at par value to the investment firm during a two year period beginning on June 30, 2010. We intend to exercise the rights in June 2010.

 

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and cash from operations will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next twelve months.

 

Discussion of Cash Flows

 

2008 compared to 2007

 

Cash flows from operations

 

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $167.6 million, as compared to $145.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This $21.7 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities was principally the result of an increase in non-cash adjustments of $123.2 million, including goodwill impairment charges of $93.6 million, a long-lived assets impairment charge of $18.2 million, $12.9 million loss on investments held as of December 31, 2008, and a decrease of $12.6 million relating to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation resulting from decreased sales by employees of stock-based awards. These non-cash increases were offset by a non-cash gain of $9.4 million related to our auction rate securities rights offering. This overall increase of $123.2 million in non-cash adjustments was offset by a decrease in net income for the corresponding periods of $88.0 million and a decrease in net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $13.4 million.

Cash flows from investing

 

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $5.9 million, as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $110.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This $116.4 million increase in net cash provided by investing activities was principally due to a $127.5 million increase in cash provided by investments of $45.8 million from redemptions of our investment in a cash reserve fund as compared to net purchases of $81.7 million of investments in 2007, and a decrease of $1.5 million in purchases of property and equipment. This increase was offset by a $12.5 million decrease in cash paid for acquisitions during 2008.

 

Cash flows from financing

 

Net cash used in financing activities was $119.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008, as compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This $143.5 million increase in net cash used in financing activities was principally the result of $124.9 million used to repurchase our Class A common stock, a $12.6 million decrease in excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and a reduction of $8.2 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

 

2007 compared to 2006

 

Cash flows from operations

 

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2007 was $145.9 million, as compared to cash provided by operating activities of $117.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This $28.5 million increase was principally the result of a $28.7 million reduction to the cash outflow relating to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, and a $18.4 million increase in net income offset by a $19.8 million increase in other non-cash adjustments primarily related to depreciation and amortization resulting predominantly from our acquisitions.

 

Cash flows from investing

 

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2007 was $110.5 million, as compared to $167.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This $57.3 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities was principally due to a decrease of $209.5 million in cash paid for acquisitions, which was partially offset by $138.6 million increase in the purchase of short-term investments and a $13.6 million increase in purchases of property and equipment.

 

Cash flows from financing

 

Net cash provided by financing activities was $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, as compared to $62.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This $38.5 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities was principally the result of a decrease of $28.7 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation. In addition, the overall decrease in net cash provided by financing activities resulted from a decrease in proceeds of $5.4 million from the exercise of common stock options and $3.2 million of shares repurchased by us during the year ended December 31, 2007 pursuant to the exercise by stock incentive plan participants of their right to elect to use common stock to satisfy their tax withholding obligations.

Contractual Obligations

 

Our principal commitments consist of obligations under leases for office space, computer equipment and furniture and fixtures. The following table summarizes our long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2008.

 

Payments Due by Period

 

 

Some of our commercial commitments are secured by standby letters of credit. The following is a summary of our commercial commitments secured by standby letters of credit by commitment date as of December 31, 2008 (in thousands):

 

 

The amounts presented in the table above may not necessarily reflect our actual future cash funding requirements, because the actual timing of the future payments made may vary from the stated contractual obligation. In addition, due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing of future cash flows associated with our unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2008, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement with the respective taxing authority. Therefore, $1.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits have been excluded from the contractual obligations table above. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion on income taxes.

 

Effect of Inflation

 

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and equipment. We do not believe that inflation had any material effect on our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued SFAS No. 141(R), Business Combinations, or SFAS No. 141(R), which replaces SFAS No. 141. SFAS No. 141(R) establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the goodwill acquired. SFAS No. 141(R) also establishes disclosure requirements which will enable users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS No. 141(R) is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Early adoption of this standard is prohibited. We do not currently expect SFAS No. 141(R) to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, or SFAS No. 160, which establishes accounting and reporting standards for ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent, the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the holder of the noncontrolling interest, changes in a parent’s ownership interest and the valuation of retained non-controlling equity investments when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. The Statement also establishes reporting requirements that require sufficient disclosures that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the non-controlling owners. SFAS No. 160 is effective for fiscal years beginning after

December 15, 2008. Early adoption of this standard is prohibited. In the absence of any noncontrolling (minority) interests, we do not currently expect SFAS No. 160 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (FSP) FAS No. 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157, or FSP FAS No. 157-2, which delays the effective date of SFAS No. 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually). The effective date has been delayed by one year to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted SFAS No. 157 except for those items with respect to which adoption was specifically deferred under FSP FAS No. 157-2. We are currently evaluating the impact of the full adoption of FAS No. 157 on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In April 2008, the FASB issued FSP FAS No. 142-3, Determination of the Useful Life of Intangible Assets, or FSP FAS No. 142-3, which amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. This pronouncement requires enhanced disclosures concerning a company’s treatment of costs incurred to renew or extend the term of a recognized intangible asset. FSP FAS No. 142-3 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. We do not currently expect FSP FAS No. 142-3 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 

We had no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2007 and 2008.

 

 

We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including changes in interest rates affecting the return on our investments and foreign currency fluctuations.

 

Exposure to market rate risk for changes in interest rates affects the value of our investment portfolio. We have not used derivative financial instruments to hedge against such risk in our investment portfolio. We invest in securities of highly-rated issuers and follow investment policies limiting, among other things, the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. We seek to limit default risk by purchasing only investment-grade securities. We do not actively manage the risk of interest rate fluctuations on our short-term investments; however, our exposure to this risk is mitigated by the relatively short-term nature of these investments. Based on a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in interest rates, our interest income on our short-term investments for the year ended December 31, 2008 would have been reduced by approximately $0.2 million. Our long-term investments in auction rate securities, or ARS, are classified as trading, with changes in fair value due to market changes in interest rates recorded in our earnings each period. Based on a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in interest rates, our interest income for the year-ended December 31, 2008 would have been reduced by approximately $0.2 million related to our ARS.

 

We have accounts on our foreign subsidiaries’ ledgers which are maintained in the respective subsidiary’s local foreign currency and remeasured into the United States dollar. As a result, we are exposed to movements in the exchange rates of various currencies against the United States dollar and against the currencies of other countries in which we sell services. As of December 31, 2008, our assets and liabilities related to non-dollar denominated currencies were primarily related to intercompany payables and receivables. We do not expect that an increase or decrease of 10% in foreign exchange rate would have a material impact on our financial position.

 

Because our sales and expense are primarily denominated in local currency, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on sales and expenses has not been material, and we do not employ measures intended to manage foreign exchange rate risk.

 

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

Board of Directors and Stockholders

NeuStar, Inc.

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NeuStar, Inc. as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2). These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of NeuStar, Inc. at December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein.

 

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), NeuStar, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 2, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, effective January 1, 2007, NeuStar, Inc. adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109.

 

 

McLean, Virginia

March 2, 2009

NEUSTAR, INC.

 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 

 

See accompanying notes.

NEUSTAR, INC.

 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 

 

See accompanying notes.

NEUSTAR, INC.

 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)