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Originally Posted On: https://sloanestreetsurgery.co.uk/articles/the-thyroid-gland-and-why-it-is-important/

The thyroid gland and why it is important

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck. It produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and growth. Common diseases relating to the thyroid gland include hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Symptoms vary from fatigue, weight changes, and mood shifts to heart palpitations and tremors, depending on the condition. Thyroid disease is diagnosed through blood tests, imaging, and biopsies. Treatment may involve medication, radioactive iodine, or surgery, and many conditions are manageable with proper care. Thyroid disease can impact overall health, including fertility, mental well-being, and pregnancy.

What is the thyroid, and what does it do?

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck. It produces hormones (thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) that regulate your metabolism, energy levels, and overall growth and development.

What are the common types of thyroid disease?

The most common types are:

• Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid where the gland doesn’t produce enough hormones.
• Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid where the gland produces too many hormones.
• Thyroid nodules: Lumps or growths in the thyroid.
• Thyroid cancer: Malignant growth in the thyroid.
• Goitre: Enlargement of the thyroid gland.

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Weight gain
• Dry skin and hair
• Sensitivity to cold
• Depression
• Constipation
• Muscle weakness

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Symptoms include:

• Weight loss despite increased appetite
• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
• Nervousness or anxiety
• Tremors in the hands
• Excessive sweating
• Difficulty sleeping
• Irritability

How is thyroid disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Blood tests: These measure levels of thyroid hormones (T4, T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If any of these are irregular then you may go onto having other tests as outlined below, especially if it demonstrates an overactive thyroid gland.
• Thyroid ultrasound: Imaging to check for nodules or irregularities.
• Thyroid scan: Uses a small amount of radioactive iodine to visualise the thyroid.
• Biopsy: A fine needle may be used to take a sample of thyroid tissue to check for cancer.

What causes hypothyroidism?

The most common cause is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid. Other causes include iodine deficiency, certain medications, or thyroid surgery.  We also commonly see subclinical hypothyroidism after viral illness, where the thyroid gland temporarily may be underactive or have an abnormal TSH but this then normalises.

What causes hyperthyroidism?

The leading cause is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder. Other causes include thyroid nodules that overproduce hormones or excessive iodine intake.

Can thyroid disease be treated?

Yes, most thyroid diseases can be effectively treated.

• Hypothyroidism: Usually treated with thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).
• Hyperthyroidism: Treatment may include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery.
• Thyroid nodules: Treatment depends on whether the nodule is benign or malignant.
• Thyroid cancer: Surgery, radioactive iodine, or other therapies may be necessary.

Will I have to take medication for life?

In many cases of hypothyroidism, patients need to take thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine) for life. With hyperthyroidism, long-term medication may not be necessary after certain treatments like radioactive iodine or surgery.

How does thyroid disease affect pregnancy?

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can impact fertility and pregnancy. If untreated, thyroid disorders can increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, or developmental issues in the baby. Managing thyroid levels during pregnancy is crucial.

What lifestyle changes can help manage thyroid disease?

Key lifestyle changes include:

• Eating a balanced diet, including sufficient iodine intake (but not excessive).
• Regular exercise.
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.
• Sticking to your prescribed medication schedule.

Is thyroid disease hereditary?

Yes, thyroid disease can run in families, particularly autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto’s and Graves’ disease. If you have a family history, it’s a good idea to get regular thyroid function tests.

What is a thyroid storm, and is it dangerous?

A thyroid storm is a rare, life-threatening complication of untreated hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include a very high fever, rapid heart rate, and agitation. It requires immediate medical attention.

Can thyroid disease affect mental health?

Yes, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism can affect mental health. Hypothyroidism can cause depression and memory issues, while hyperthyroidism can lead to anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

Can thyroid disease lead to weight gain or loss?

Yes, hypothyroidism can slow down metabolism, leading to weight gain. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, often speeds up metabolism, resulting in weight loss.

When should I see a doctor about thyroid problems?

If you experience symptoms like unexplained weight changes, fatigue, mood changes, or neck swelling, you should see a doctor for evaluation. It’s especially important if you have a family history of thyroid disease.

Is thyroid cancer common?

Thyroid cancer is relatively rare, but it is one of the most treatable cancers, especially when diagnosed early. Most thyroid nodules are benign, but any nodule should be evaluated by a doctor.

This FAQ provides a general overview for patients, we would always recommend consulting with a doctor at Sloane Street Surgery for investigating your thyroid further.

To book an appointment online click here or call us on 0207 245 3999. 

Article produced by Sloane Street Surgery, a private GP practice in London that provides world-class private healthcare for patients in Chelsea, Knightsbridge, Belgravia, West London, Hampshire, and beyond.